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Front Cover -- Handbook of the Psychology of Aging -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- About the editors -- Foreword -- Preface -- I. Concepts, theories, methods -- 1 History of adult cognitive aging research -- Introduction -- Adult stages of intellectual development -- A stage model of adult cognitive development -- Assessment of intellectual functions -- A test of intelligence -- The nature of intelligence -- Intelligence as multiple abilities -- Relevance of test instruments to stages of intellectual development -- Practical or everyday intelligence -- Intelligence and age -- Crystallized and fluid intelligence -- Early cross-sectional studies -- Longitudinal studies -- Cohort differences -- Magnitude of change -- Frequency of decline -- Personality and lifestyles -- Summary -- References -- Further reading -- 2 Measurement and models for multi-timescale psychological processes in aging research -- Introduction -- Matching the research design to the question -- Modeling review -- Cross-sectional models -- Autoregressive and crosslag models -- Latent growth curves and multilevel models -- The changing data landscape -- Multi-timescale processes and research designs -- Measuring and modeling multiscale processes from intensive time series -- Dynamical systems and attractors -- Dynamical systems models in aging -- Challenges -- Planning for the long term -- Privacy, linking, and data sharing -- Incompleteness and attrition -- Reliability versus sensitivity -- Measurement invariance over time -- Emerging opportunities -- Intrinsic capacity and functional ability -- Conclusion -- References -- II. Bio-psychosocial factors in aging -- 3 Functional connectivity in aging -- General introduction and outline of chapter -- Functional connectivity -- The default mode network -- Functional connectivity in aging.
Within-network connectivity -- Between-network connectivity -- Whole-brain connectivity -- Dynamics -- Cognition and functional connectivity -- Functional connectivity in neurodegenerative disorders -- Functional connectivity as a biomarker -- Functional connectivity as a general biomarker for brain health -- Connectivity as an early marker for neurodegenerative disorders -- Methodological considerations relevant to aging research -- Summary and future directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Memory: behavior and neural basis -- What is memory, and what is aging? -- Brain aging and memory: a complex and dynamic relationship -- Control and association: major influences on age differences in memory -- The controlled processing paradox: important and impaired -- Associational memory may be especially impaired in aging -- Default network dysregulation -- Modifying factors: qualitative and quantitative effects -- Interventions: hope for improvement? -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- 5 Executive functions and neurocognitive aging -- Overview -- Measuring executive functions -- Executive deficit theories of cognitive aging -- Inhibitory deficit theory (Hasher & amp -- Zacks) -- Goal maintenance deficit (Braver & amp -- West) -- Production deficit hypothesis -- Frontal lobe hypothesis of cognitive aging -- A current perspective on executive deficit theories of cognitive aging -- Do executive functions show the earliest and disproportionate decline? -- Cross-sectional evidence for disproportionate executive functions decline? -- Longitudinal evidence for earlier executive functions decline? -- Do brain regions linked to executive functions show the earliest and disproportionate decline? -- Aging and the neural substrates of executive functions -- Relative degree and onset of prefrontal cortex decline.
Executive functions and prefrontal cortex processes as compensatory and protective -- Executive functions, the frontal lobes, and lifelong aging -- References -- 6 Pain in older adults -- Overview of pain -- Definitions of pain -- Theories of pain -- Pain and aging -- Pain in older adults -- Epidemiology of pain in older adults -- Cross-national estimates of chronic pain -- Age differences in pain -- Factors that contribute to pain in older adults -- Mood -- Cognitive impairment -- Consequences of pain in older adults -- Pain management in older adults -- Pain assessment -- Self-reported pain -- Experimental pain measures -- Observational measures -- Pain management -- Pharmacological pain treatment -- Nonopioids -- Adjuvant drugs -- Opioids -- Cannabis -- Nonpharmacological pain treatment -- Summary -- References -- Further reading -- 7 Sleep, neurocognition, and aging, including secular trends in older adult sleep -- Introduction -- Sleep through the life span -- Reductions in slow wave activity -- Sleep spindle changes -- Alterations of sleep parameters -- Circadian rhythm changes -- Etiologies of sleep changes over the life span -- Etiologies of sleep disturbances in older adults -- Primary sleep disorders -- Insomnia -- Hypersomnolence -- Obstructive sleep apnea -- Medications, substances, sleep, and cognition -- Neurocognitive disorders and sleep -- Alzheimer's disease -- Alpha synucleinopathies -- Benefits and challenges of treating sleep problems in older adults -- Conclusions -- References -- 8 The final challenge of aging: Death and dying -- Terror management theory -- Implications of terror management theory for older adults approaching death -- Making mortality salient for older adults -- Aging and death-related anxiety -- The medical and lifestyle pragmatics of the dying process for older adults.
Denial and avoidance in communicating life-limiting diagnoses -- The role of death anxiety in physician decisions -- Preparation for end-of-life -- The hospice and palliative care movement -- Death with Dignity -- Summary and future directions -- References -- III. Behavioral processes -- 9 Smartphones, robots, and social media: aging with communication technologies -- Introduction -- Aging with communication technology -- Smartphones -- Social media -- Video gaming -- Virtual reality -- Smart home technology -- Robots -- Concluding remarks -- References -- 10 Self-perceptions and awareness of aging: past, present, and future -- Introduction -- A conceptual framework for subjective aging research -- Subjective age: strengths and limitations -- Self-perceptions and awareness of aging: the past -- Self-perceptions and awareness of aging: the present -- Self-perceptions of aging: conceptual and measurement considerations -- Awareness of age-related change: conceptual and measurement considerations -- Empirical findings on the role of self-perceptions and awareness of aging -- Self-perceptions of aging as predictors -- Self-perceptions of aging as mediators or moderators -- Self-perceptions of aging as dependent variable -- Experimental studies -- Longitudinal observational studies -- Secular trends/cohort differences in self-perceptions and awareness of aging -- Self-perceptions and awareness of aging: the future -- Focus on pathways and mechanisms -- Elaborating developmental antecedents, correlates, and trajectories -- Examining the modifiability of self-perceptions of aging -- Changing the societal context of self-perceptions of aging -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 11 Gender diversity in later life -- Introduction -- Gender identity -- Terms -- Redefining the gender binary -- Gender identity throughout the life span.
Research findings -- Gender affirmation -- Coming out -- Medical interventions -- Legal procedures -- Aging and gender identity -- Unique challenges faced by gender diverse elders -- Cisgenderism -- Elder abuse and discrimination based on gender -- Discrimination in the healthcare system -- Improving outcomes for gender diverse elders -- Focus on resilience -- Policies and steps to promote inclusivity in healthcare practice -- Nursing homes -- Affirmative care -- Conclusion -- References -- 12 Financial decision-making and capacity in older adults -- Introduction: what is financial capacity? Legal, clinical and ethical perspectives -- The financial capacity problem: cognitive aging and disorders of aging -- Clinical warning signs of diminished financial capacity -- Challenges in modeling financial capacity -- Clinical model of financial capacity -- Approaches to assessing financial capacity -- Assessing premorbid financial capacity -- Self and informant-based assessment -- Performance-based assessment -- Clinical interview assessment of financial capacity -- Empirical studies of financial capacity -- Financial capacity in patients with mild and moderate Alzheimer's disease -- Longitudinal change in financial capacity in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease -- Financial capacity in patients with mild cognitive impairment -- Neuropsychological predictors of financial capacity -- Neuroimaging studies of financial capacity -- Neuroimaging approaches to studying financial capacity -- Neuroimaging studies of financial capacity in a mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease -- Neuroimaging studies of financial decision making in cognitively normal older adults -- Summary -- Noncognitive contributions to financial capacity in aging -- Psychological and psychiatric contributions to financial capacity.
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