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Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- A Note on Chronologies and Measurements -- Part I: Prehistory -- Introduction: Archaeology and Prehistory -- 1 Introducing World Prehistory -- Why Are Human Prehistory and Archaeology Important? -- In the Beginning -- Mythic Heroes and Vanished Civilizations: The Curiosities of Pseudoarchaeology -- Prehistory, Archaeology, and World Prehistory -- Major Developments in Human Prehistory -- Cyclical and Linear Time -- Written Records, Oral History, and Archaeology -- Studying World Prehistory -- Culture -- Culture History, Time and Space, and the Myth of the Ethnographic Present -- Context -- Time -- Space -- Analogy and the Ethnographic Present -- Cultural Process and Past Lifeways -- Mechanisms of Cultural Change -- Culture as Adaptation -- Multilinear Cultural Evolution -- Cultural Traditions and Cultural Change -- Intangibles: Ideology and Interaction -- Ideology and Beliefs -- Interactions -- Summary -- Part II: The World of the First Humans -- Introduction: Beginnings -- 2 Human Origins -- The Great Ice Age (2.58 Ma to 12,000 Years Ago) -- Early Primate Evolution and Adaptation -- The Order Primates -- Coming Down From the Trees -- The Fossil Evidence for Human Evolution (ca. 6 to 1.5 Ma) -- The Earliest Hominin? -- Walking on Two Feet? -- What is Australopithecus? -- From Ardipithecus to Australopithecus -- All Kinds of Australopithecines (ca. 3. 7-1 Ma) -- Gracile Australopithecines: A. Africanus -- Robust Australopithecines: Paranthropus Aethiopicus, Paranthropus Boisei, and Paranthropus Robustus -- Australopithecus Garhi -- Early Homo (From ca. 2.4 to 1.6 Ma) -- Who was the First of Our Genus, Homo? -- The Earliest Human Toolmakers -- Hunters or Scavengers? -- The Earliest Human Mind -- The Development of Language.
The Earliest Social Organization -- Summary -- 3 African Exodus -- Ice Age Background -- Homo Erectus in Africa (ca. 1.9 to ca. 1.5 Ma) -- Homo Erectus in Southeast Asia (ca. 1.8 Ma to Possibly 100,000 Years Ago) -- Hominins in Eurasia and Europe -- The Lifeway of Homo Erectus -- The Neanderthals (ca. 430,000 to 40,000 Years Ago) -- Early Homo Sapiens (From ca. 300,000 Years Ago) -- Continuity, Replacement, or Something in Between? -- Molecular Biology and Our Origins -- Ecology and Homo Sapiens -- Out of Africa -- Summary -- Part III: The Birth of the Modern World -- Introduction: Moderns, Migrations, and Farmers -- 4 Diaspora -- The Late Ice Age World (50,000 to 15,000 Years Ago) -- The Peopling of Southeast Asia and Australia (ca. 65,000 to 15,000 Years Ago) -- Late Ice Age Europe: The "Cro-Magnons" (ca. 44,000 to 15,000 Years Ago) -- Subsistence -- Cro-Magnon Technology -- Cro-Magnon Art -- Hunter-Gatherers in Eurasia (45,000 to 15,000 Years Ago) -- East Asia (35,000 to 15,000 Years Ago) -- Sinodonty and Sundadonty -- Human Settlement of Northeast Siberia (Before 25,000 to 15,000 Years Ago) -- The First Americans (by ca. 17,000 Years Ago to 13,000 Years Ago) -- The Clovis People (ca. 13,200 to 13,000 Years Ago) -- Summary -- 5 The Origins of Food Production -- The Holocene (After 10,000 BC) -- Changes in Hunter-Gatherer Societies -- Social Complexity Among Hunter-Gatherers -- Models of Farming Origins -- Early Hypotheses: Oases and Hilly Flanks -- The Recovery Revolution -- Multicausal Models -- Population and Resources Models -- Ecological Models -- The Consequences of Food Production -- Differing Dates and their Explanation -- Changes in Human Life -- Nutrition and Early Food Production -- Summary -- 6 The Earliest Farmers -- Domesticating Animals -- Domesticating Wheat and Barley -- Southwest Asian Farmers (From ca. 10,000 to 5000 BC).
Early Egyptian and African Farmers (Earlier Than 7000 to 1000 BC) -- European Farmers (From ca. 6500 to 3000 BC) -- Early Agriculture in Asia (Before 7000 to 3000 BC) -- First Farmers in Southern China -- First Farmers in Northern China -- Early American Agriculture (8000 BC Onward) -- Mesoamerica: Guilá Naquitz and Early Cultivation -- Maize -- Andean Farmers -- Summary -- 7 Chiefs and Chiefdoms -- Reciprocity and "Big Men -- Chiefs and Navigators in the Pacific (From 2000 BC to Modern Times) -- The American Southwest (From 300 BC to Modern Times) -- Hohokam, Mogollon, and Ancestral Pueblo -- Moundbuilders in Eastern North America (From 2000 BC to AD 1650) -- Adena and Hopewell -- The Mississippian Tradition -- Summary -- Part IV: The First States: Preindustrial Civilizations -- Introduction: Early Preindustrial States -- 8 State-Organized Societies -- What is a State-Organized Society? -- Cities -- Models for the Origins of States -- The "Urban Revolution -- Early Ecological Models -- Technology and Trade -- Warfare -- Cultural Systems and States -- Environmental Change -- Social Approaches: Power in Three Domains -- Factionalism and Ideology -- People as Agents of Change -- Collapsing States -- James Scott Puts it Together -- Summary -- 9 Mesopotamia and the Eastern Mediterranean World -- Origins (From 5500 to 3000 BC) -- The First Cities: Uruk -- Writing and Metallurgy -- The Sumerians (From ca. 3100 to 2334 BC) -- Akkadians and Babylonians (From 2334 to 1650 BC) -- Hittites and Sea Traders (From 1650 to 1200 BC) -- The Hittites -- Uluburun and Maritime Trade -- Minoans and Mycenaeans (ca. 2000 to 1100 BC) -- Minoans (ca. 2000 to 1100 BC) -- Mycenaeans (From ca. 1750 to 1200 BC) -- Sea Peoples and Phoenicians (From 1200 to 800 BC) -- Assyrians and Babylonians (From 1200 to 539 BC) -- Summary -- 10 Egypt and Africa.
Predynastic Egypt: Ancient Monopoly (5000 to 3100 BC) -- Dynastic Egypt (ca. 3000 to 30 BC) -- Archaic Egypt and the "Great Culture" (3000 to 2575 BC) -- Old Kingdom (ca. 2575 to 2134 BC) -- Middle Kingdom (2040 to 1640 BC) -- New Kingdom (1530 to 1075 BC) -- Late Period (1070 to 30 BC) -- Egypt and Afrocentrism -- Nubia: The Land of Kush (3000 to 633 BC) -- Meroë and Aksum -- Meroë (593 BC to AD 330) -- Aksum (AD 100 to 1000) -- Sub-Saharan Africa (ca. 500 BC to ca. AD 1500) -- West African Kingdoms (From ca. AD 800 to 1550) -- Ghana (?AD 700 to ca. 1230) -- Mali (ca. AD 1230 to 1440) -- Songhay (ca. AD 1464 to 1550) -- The East African Coast: Stone Towns and Islam (From First Century AD to 1498) -- Gold and Ivory: Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe -- Mapungubwe (AD 1230 to 1600) -- Great Zimbabwe (Before AD 1250 to ca. 1450) -- Summary -- 11 South, Southeast, and East Asia -- South Asia: The Indus Valley Civilization (ca. 3300 to 1300 BC) -- The Mature Indus Valley Civilization (2600-1900 BC) -- South Asia After the Mature Indus Valley Civilization (1900 to 180 BC) -- The Origins of Chinese States (2600 to 1100 BC) -- The Shang -- Royal Capitals -- Royal Burials -- Bronzeworking -- Shang Warriors -- The War Lords (From 1100 to 221 BC) -- Southeast Asian States (AD 1 to 1500) -- The Angkor State (From AD 802 to 1430) -- Summary -- Part V: Preindustrial States in the Americas -- Introduction: Mesoamerican and Andean States -- 12 Lowland Mesoamerica -- Beginnings: Preclassic Peoples in the Lowlands (2000 BC to AD 300) -- The Olmec (From 1500 to 500 BC) -- The Origins of the Maya (Before 1000 BC to AD 300) -- San Bartolo, Nakbé, and El Mirador (ca. 1000 to 300 BC) -- Kingship and Glyphs -- Mayan Script -- Political Cycles -- Classic Maya (From AD 300 to 900) -- The Rise of Tikal and Uaxactún -- Caracol and Calakmul -- Palenque and Copán.
The Classic Maya Transformation -- Postclassic Maya Society (AD 900 to 1517) -- Summary -- 13 Highland Mesoamerica -- The Rise of Highland States: The Valley of Oaxaca (From 2000 to 500 BC) -- Monte Albán (From 500 BC to AD 750) -- Valley of Mexico: Teotihuacán (From ca. 200 BC to AD 750) -- The Toltecs (From AD 650 to 1200) -- The Aztec State (From AD 1200 to 1521) -- Tenochtitlán -- The World of the Fifth Sun -- The Aztec Empire -- The Spanish Conquest (AD 1517 to 1521) -- Summary -- 14 Andean States -- The Maritime Foundations of Andean States -- Coastal Foundations (2600 to 900 BC) -- The Early Horizon and Chavín De Huántar (900 to 200 BC) -- The Initial Period -- The Coast (After 1800 BC) -- Lake Titicaca Basin: Chiripa and Pukara (From 1000 BC to AD 100) -- The Moche State (by AD 100 to 800) -- The Middle Horizon: Tiwanaku and Wari (From AD 600 to 1000) -- Tiwanaku -- Wari -- The Late Intermediate Period: Sicán and Chimu (AD 700 to 1460) -- The Late Horizon: The Inca State (AD 1476 to 1534) -- The Spanish Conquest (AD 1532 to 1534) -- Summary -- Epilogue -- Glossary of Technical Terms -- Glossary of Archaeological Sites and Cultural Terms -- References -- Index.
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