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Front Cover -- Handbook of The Economics of Innovation -- Copyright Page -- Introduction to the Series -- Contents of the Handbook -- Part IV: Diffusion -- Chapter 17: The Diffusion of New Technology -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Empirical regularities -- 2.1. International patterns in the use of new technologies -- 2.2. International patterns in the production of new technologies -- 2.3. Diffusion of production in national contexts -- 2.4. National patterns in the use of new technologies -- 2.4.1. Patterns of first use by firms and househ -- 2.4.2. Intrafirm/household diff -- 2.5. A preliminary overview -- 3. Theoretical and analytical approaches -- 3.1. Demand side modeling -- 3.2. Uncertainty -- 3.3. Supply side modelin -- 3.4. Further issues -- 4. Types of data and estimation issues -- 5. Empirical results -- 6. Diffusion policy -- References -- Chapter 18: General Purpose Technologies -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Basic structure of GPT -- 1.2. Industry structure, organization, and incentives -- 1.3. Social increasing returns and related externalities -- 2. Empirical and historical studies of past GPTs -- 2.1. Steam -- 2.2. Electricity -- 2.3. Other historical studies (and more ideas) -- 3. Econometric and (Further) historical investigations -- 3.1. Using patent data -- 3.2. Efforts to create data in the modern era -- 4. Timing and the relation to economic growth -- 4.1. Delay and diffusion -- 5. Aggregate growth waves -- 6. Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 19: International Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and Technology Spillovers -- 1. Introduction -- 2. A model of trade, FDI, and international technology transfer -- 2.1. Overview -- 2.2. The model -- 2.3. Technical complexity and the geography of affiliate costs -- 2.4. Technological complexity and the power of gravity -- 3. Data and what they capture.
3.1. Measures of technology -- 3.2. Measurement of international technology spillovers -- 4. An empirical benchmark: Spillovers shaped by geography -- 5. FDI as a channel for technology spillovers -- 5.1. Evidence on inward FDI spillovers -- 5.1.1. Horizontal FDI spillovers -- 5.1.2. Vertical FDI spillovers -- 5.1.3. FDI spillovers from labor turnover -- 5.2. Outward foreign direct investment spillovers -- 6. International trade -- 6.1. Evidence on spillovers through exporting -- 6.2. Evidence on spillovers through im -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part V: Innovation Outcomes -- Chapter 20: Innovation and Economic Development -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Innovation, catching-up, and falling behind: Taking stock of the literature -- 2.1. "Old" neoclassical growth theory: An optimistic scenario -- 2.2. Knowledge and development -- 2.3. What it takes to catch-up: The need for "new institutional instruments" -- 2.4. Social capability and absorptive capacity -- 2.5. Technological capability -- 2.6. National innovation systems -- 2.7. New growth theory -- 2.8. Capabilities and beyond -- 3. Measuring national capabilities -- 4. Firm-level innovation in developing countries -- 4.1. Stylized facts -- 4.2. Econometric studies based on CIS and PICS data -- 5. International sources of innovation in developing countries -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 21: Energy, the Environment, and Technological Change -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Key concepts -- 2.1. Fundamentals of environmental economics -- 2.2. The economics of technological change -- 2.3. Implications for environmental and technology policy -- 3. Microeconomics: Innovation -- 3.1. Induced innovation -- 3.1.1. Empirical evidence on induced innovation in pollution abatement and energy conservation -- 3.1.2. Innovation and the choice of policy instrument.
3.1.3. What can technological change economists contribute? -- 3.2. The impacts of technological change -- 3.2.1. Empirical evidence -- 3.2.2. Estimates of technological impact using LBD -- 3.2.3. Government R& -- D -- 3.2.4. What can technological change economists contribute? -- 4. Microeconomics: Diffusion -- 4.1. Diffusion within countries -- 4.1.1. Theoretical analyses -- 4.1.2. Empirical studies -- 4.1.3. What can technological change economists contribute? -- 4.2. Diffusion across countries -- 4.2.1. What can technological change economists contribute? -- 5. Technological change in aggregate energy-environment models -- 5.1. Exogenous technological change -- 5.2. Endogenous technological change -- 5.2.1. Direct price-induced technological change -- 5.2.2. R& -- D-induced technological change -- 5.2.3. Learning-induced technological change -- 5.3. What can technological change economists contribute? -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 22: The Economics of Innovation and Technical Change in Agriculture -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Informal innovation and technology discovery -- 3. Innovation institutions, incentives, and inducements -- 3.1. Institutions for investments -- 3.2. Incentives to innovate-Intellectual property -- 3.3. Alternatives to intellectual property -- 3.4. Inducements to innovate -- 4. Global investments in agricultural research and development -- 4.1. Public agricultural research and development spending -- 4.2. Private agricultural R& -- D investments -- 4.3. International agricultural R& -- D -- 5. US agricultural research institutions and investments -- 5.1. Productivity orientation -- 6. Agricultural research, invention, innovation, and adoption processes -- 6.1. Temporal aspects of the R& -- D attribution problem -- 6.2. More direct evidence on agricultural research lag relationships.
6.2.1. Wheat innovations -- 6.2.2. Hybrid-corn technology -- 6.2.3. Biotech corn innovations -- 6.2.4. Uptake of other innovations -- 6.3. Spatial aspects of the R& -- D attribution problem -- 7. Innovation outcomes -- 7.1. Cost-push or demand-pull factors affecting innovation -- 7.2. Factor-saving innovation -- 7.3. Cochrane's treadmill and other distributional stories -- 7.4. Nonmarket research effects -- 7.5. Rates of return in the literature -- 7.6. Recent evidence on US agricultural R& -- D -- 8. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part VI: Measurement of Innovation -- Chapter 23: Growth Accounting -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The growth accounting model -- 2.1. The basic aggregate model -- 2.1.1. Origins -- 2.1.2. The Solow residual -- 2.1.3. The potential function theorem -- 2.1.4. Relaxing some of the assumptions -- 2.1.5. Discrete time analysis -- 2.1.6. Level comparisons -- 2.1.7. Price duality -- 2.1.8. Product quality -- 2.2. Industry growth accounting -- 2.2.1. Disaggregation from the top down -- 2.2.2. Disaggregation from the bottom up -- 2.2.3. The company-establishment problem -- 3. The individual sources of growth -- 3.1. Output -- 3.1.1. Output heterogeneity and units of measurements -- 3.1.2. Boundary issues -- 3.1.3. R& -- D and other business in -- 3.2. Labor input -- 3.2.1. Labor services -- 3.2.2. Labor composition -- 3.3. Capital input -- 3.3.1. Owner-utilized capital -- 3.3.2. The "perpetual inventory method" -- 3.3.3. The price of capital services -- 3.3.4. Capital utilization -- 3.3.5. Some final caveats on capita -- 4. Critique of the growth accounting model -- 4.1. Capital versus technology: A clear division? -- 4.1.1. R& -- D and its coinvestments -- 4.1.2. R& -- D spillovers and endogenous growth -- 4.1.3. Simultaneity bias and the problem of causality -- 4.1.4. Capital-embodied technical change.
4.2. Production versus welfare-based growth accounting -- 4.3. Beyond perfectly competitive markets -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 24: Measuring the Returns to R& -- D -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Brief history of the literature -- 2. General theoretical framework -- 2.1. The primal approach -- 2.2. The dual approach -- 3. Measurement issues -- 3.1. Measurement of productivity -- 3.1.1. Measurement of output -- 3.1.2. Measurement of the inputs -- 3.1.3. The form of the technology -- 3.2. Measurement of knowledge capital -- 3.2.1. Lag effects -- 3.2.2. Benchmark stock and R& -- D deflator -- 3.3. Econometric issues -- 3.3.1. Definition of the sample -- 3.3.2. Disaggregation of R& -- -- 3.3.3. Simultaneity -- 4. Empirical estimates of the private returns to R& -- D -- 4.1. R& -- D elasticity and rate of return: Estimates based on the production function -- 4.2. R& -- D rate of return: Estimates based on the cost or profit function -- 5. R& -- D spillovers and the social returns to R& -- D -- 5.1. Case studies -- 5.2. Productivity growth accounting at the aggregate level -- 5.3. Measuring spillovers -- 5.3.1. Empirical evidence on industry-level spillovers -- 5.3.2. Empirical evidence on international spillovers -- 5.3.3. Studies of channels of transmission of R& -- D spillovers -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 25: Patent Statistics as an Innovation Indicator -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Information in the patent documents -- 2.1. Scope of patent information and its relation with the patent system -- 2.2. Patent applications around the world -- 3. Inventors and patent owners -- 3.1. Inventor team size and types of owners -- 3.2. Co-ownership versus research collaborations -- 4. Patent family -- 4.1. Use of patent family data for international comparison.
4.2. Applications based on the patents applied earlier (continuation, continuation in part, and division).
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