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Intro -- Urban Water Crisis and Management: Strategies for Sustainable Development -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Urban water systems: An overview -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Impact of urbanization -- 2.1. Impact on urban groundwater flow -- 2.2. Impact on water quality -- 2.3. Impact on urban structures -- 2.4. Impact on socio-economic systems -- 3. Management strategies -- 3.1. Urban water infrastructures -- 3.1.1. Water supply -- 3.1.2. Management of urban water supply -- Equitable water supply -- Controllers -- Enhancing water pressure -- Leakage management -- Community-based water management -- Groundwater management -- Protecting local water bodies -- Focus on management and distribution -- 4. Artificial recharge structures -- 4.1. Surface infiltration of urban runoff -- 4.2. Vadose zone infiltration -- 4.3. Saturated zone infiltration -- 5. Wastewater management -- 5.1. New technologies for wastewater management -- 5.1.1. Membrane technology -- 5.1.2. Biological wastewater treatment -- Anaerobic digestion (AD) -- 5.2. Automatic variable filtration (AVF) technology -- 5.3. Advanced oxidation process (AOP) -- 5.4. Natural treatment systems (NTS) -- 6. Water management-Current and future perspective -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 2: Urban water pollution by heavy metals, microplastics, and organic contaminants -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Presence of selected contaminants in urban waters -- 2.1. Heavy metals in water -- 2.1.1. Heavy metals in urban waters: Systematic literature review -- 2.2. Microplastics: Contaminants of emerging concern -- 2.2.1. Microplastics in urban waters: Systematic literature review -- 2.3. Organic contaminants in water -- 2.3.1. Organic contaminants in urban waters: Systematic literature review -- 3. Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References.
Chapter 3: Effect of climate change on urban water availability and its remediation in different continents -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Anthropogenic factors contributing to climate change -- 2.1. Industries -- 2.2. Deforestation -- 2.3. Expansion of urban areas -- 3. Impact of climate change on the availability of urban water resources -- 4. Water availability in different continents -- 4.1. Asia -- 4.2. Africa -- 4.3. Australia -- 4.4. Europe -- 4.5. North America -- 4.6. South America -- 5. Mitigation and adaptation strategies -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Comparative analysis of water supply systems in megacities in developed and developing countries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Comparative study of water supply systems in developed and developing countries -- 3. Influences of community activities and urbanization on water supply systems in megacities of developed and developing ... -- 3.1. Comparative impact of microbial contamination in water supply system on human health and environmental hazards -- 3.2. Impact of chemical contamination in water supply network on human health and environment hazards -- 3.3. Impact of contaminants on water quality maintenance in megacities of developed and developing countries -- 4. Wastewater recycling and microbial community dynamics to ensure drinking water quality in megacities in developed and ... -- 5. Comparative overview on water supply and consumptive usage in developed and developing countries -- 6. Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 5: The presence of inorganic and organic contaminants in urban water -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Classification of urban water contaminants -- 2.1. Organic contaminants -- 2.1.1. Oxygen demanding wastes -- 2.1.2. Synthetic organic compounds -- 2.1.3. Oil -- 2.2. Inorganic pollutants -- 2.2.1. Heavy metals.
3. Remediation techniques for heavy metals -- 3.1. Bioremediation -- 3.2. Ion exchange -- 3.3. Membrane filtration -- 3.4. Adsorption -- 3.5. Electrodialysis -- 4. Microplastics -- 5. Control and management strategies for microplastics -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 6: Water-efficient technologies for sustainable development -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Water harvesting -- 2.1. Rainwater harvesting -- 2.2. Components of water harvesting -- 2.2.1. Catchment or collection area -- 2.2.2. Conveyance system -- 2.2.3. Storage component -- 2.3. Storage of water -- 2.3.1. Soil moisture storage -- 2.3.2. Groundwater storage -- 2.3.3. Surface storage -- 2.4. Storage of water depending upon the practices followed -- 2.4.1. Storage in collection tanks -- 2.4.2. Dry system -- 2.4.3. Wet system -- 2.4.4. Recharge to groundwater -- 2.5. Traditional rainwater harvesting methods in India -- 2.6. Other water harvesting techniques -- 2.7. Benefits of rainwater collection -- 2.8. Green rating -- 2.9. Economic benefits -- 3. Stormwater management -- 3.1. Stormwater management -- 3.1.1. Storage type devices -- Detention ponds -- Retention pond -- Onsite detention -- Rainwater harvesting -- Artificial landscapes -- 3.1.2. Infiltration type -- Infiltration trenches -- Grass filter types -- 3.1.3. Pervious pavements -- 3.1.4. Infiltration basin -- 3.2. Stormwater treatment -- 3.2.1. Screening -- 3.2.2. Separation -- 3.2.3. Infiltration -- 3.2.4. Filtration -- 3.2.5. Constructed wetlands -- 3.2.6. Bioretention filter -- 3.3. Advantages and disadvantages -- 4. Green technologies for wastewater treatment and reuse -- 4.1. Green technologies for water reuse -- 4.1.1. Water reusing technologies -- Use of gray water -- Fit for purpose method -- 4.1.2. Green technologies for wastewater treatment -- Biosorption -- Chemically assisted primary sedimentation.
Membrane bioreactors -- Wet oxidation -- Lagoons and wetlands -- Anaerobic digestion -- Decentralized water treatment system -- Soil aquifer treatment -- Biofiltration -- Electrowinning -- Electrocoagulation -- Nanotechnology -- 5. Water-efficient fixtures -- 5.1. Water usage reduction in buildings -- 5.2. Improvements in water supply fixtures -- 5.2.1. Toilets -- 5.2.2. Urinals -- 5.2.3. Faucets/taps -- 5.2.4. Showers -- 5.2.5. Composting toilets -- 5.3. Improvements in appliances -- 5.3.1. Washing machines -- 5.3.2. Dishwashers -- 6. Water audit -- 6.1. Steps of water audit -- 6.2. Water balance -- 6.3. Benefits of a water audit -- 6.4. Leak detection -- 6.5. Concept of net zero water approach -- 6.6. Tips for water saving -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Scientific approaches for water resources management in developing countries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Water use for irrigation -- 3. Water harvesting practices to improve groundwater, including traditional in situ water conservation or groundwater rec ... -- 4. Techniques of water harvesting in developing countries -- 5. Efficient systems for groundwater recharge and reuse -- 6. Efficient water delivery systems for irrigation, domestic and industrial activities -- 7. Water distribution systems -- 8. Irrigation projects to harvest runoff water -- 9. Global scenario of irrigation water development -- 10. Water-efficient agriculture -- 11. Watershed management -- 11.1. Water harvesting, storage, and utilization -- 11.2. Advanced irrigation methods and technologies -- 11.3. Increasing crop productivity per unit of water -- 11.4. Improving management capacity by scheduling irrigation -- 12. Site-specific irrigation using remote sensing and decision support -- 13. Use of polymers -- 14. Water contamination and wastewater treatment -- 14.1. Adsorption and biosorption.
14.2. Nano-filters (NF) -- 14.3. Photocatalysis -- 14.4. Nanomaterials -- 15. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Microbial quality of groundwater in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria: Health implications and effective treat ... -- 1. Drinking water -- 2. Potable water sources in Nigeria -- 2.1. Groundwater -- 2.1.1. Surface water -- 2.1.2. Rainwater -- 3. Microbial population and diversity in groundwater sources in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria -- 4. Health implications of potable water sources in Nigeria -- 4.1. Typhoid fever -- 4.2. Cholera -- 4.3. Diarrhea -- 4.4. Dysentery -- 4.5. Hepatitis -- 4.6. Emerging contaminants and their health implications -- 5. Potential treatment technologies in a Nigerian setting -- 5.1. Boiling -- 5.2. Disinfection -- 5.2.1. Chlorination -- 5.3. Reverse osmosis -- 5.4. Activated sludge treatment -- 5.5. Granular activated carbon -- 5.6. Use of nanoparticles -- 5.7. Emerging contaminants and possible treatment methods -- 6. Conclusion and the way forward -- References -- Chapter 9: Challenges of water contamination in urban areas -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sources of water pollution in urban areas (point and non-point) -- 2.1. Industrial effluents -- 2.1.1. Production effluent -- 2.1.2. Specific effluent -- 2.1.3. Occasional effluent -- 2.2. Urban runoff -- 2.2.1. Sources of urban runoff -- Deposition of pollutants in the atmosphere -- Anthropogenic activities -- 2.2.2. Urban paved surfaces -- 2.3. Domestic waste (liquid and solid) -- 2.3.1. Solid domestic waste -- 2.3.2. Liquid domestic waste -- 2.4. Waste at public places -- 3. Types of water pollutants in urban areas and the water chemistry in urban areas -- 3.1. Organic and inorganic pollutants -- 3.1.1. Inorganic pollutants -- Arsenic (As) -- Zinc (Zn) -- Cadmium (Cd) -- Chromium (Cr) -- Manganese (Mn) -- 3.1.2. Organic pollutants.
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