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Microfluidic encapsulation of cholesteric liquid crystals for photonic applications = 콜레스테릭 액정의 미세유체공학적 캡슐화 및 응용에 관한 연구
서명 / 저자 Microfluidic encapsulation of cholesteric liquid crystals for photonic applications = 콜레스테릭 액정의 미세유체공학적 캡슐화 및 응용에 관한 연구 / Sang Seok Lee.
발행사항 [대전 : 한국과학기술원, 2019].
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Cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs) are nematic liquid crystals whose molecular orientation is periodically rotated by a chiral dopant. As the helical nanostructure has the spatial modulation of refractive index, CLCs have photonic stop band along the helical axis. The wavelength for the stop band is easily controllable by external stimuli, such as magnetic and electric fields, light, and temperature as the CLC molecules are highly mobile, enabling the use of the CLCs in various optical applications. However, the CLCs are fluidic, which restricts the ease of processing and structural stability. To overcome the limitations while maintaining the stop band tunability, the fluidic CLCs have been encapsulated by a solid membrane utilizing emulsion templates. Here, I designed a stable 3-dimensional CLC microcapsules which were generated thorough microfluidic approaches. In chapter 1, I discuss optical property of CLCs and the influence of external stimuli and molecular alignment on the property. Afterward, I describe various methods for shell formation on the surface of CLC drops in bulk emulsification processes. Finally, I introduce a microfluidic technology to generate emulsion drops in a highly controlled manner for encapsulation of cholesteric liquid crystals. In chapter 2, I report a microfluidic approach to encapsulate CLCs with robust hydrogel membrane. With capillary microfluidic devices, monodisperse oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) double-emulsion drops were generated to have innermost oil of CLCs and aqueous shell of photo-polymerizable hydrogel precursors. Upon UV irradiation, the gel precursors were cross-linked in the water shell, thereby enclosing the CLC core with a hydrogel membrane. The microcapsules were stable even in the air. Also, structural color of CLC microcapsules can response to temperature change. In chapter 3, I report reconfigurable microcapsules containing CLCs with planar alignment. With a glass-capillary microfluidic device with precisely controllable wettability, I prepared oil-in-waterin-oil-in-water (O/W/O/W) triple-emulsion drops with an ultrathin inner water shell through single-step emulsification. The triple emulsion consisted of an innermost CLC core, an aqueous alignment shell, a photocurable oil shell, and a continuous water phase. The helical axes of CLC in the core have radial orientation along the interface with the inner water shell, which was further encapsulated by an elastic polymer membrane through photopolymerization of the outer shell. Owing to the radial orientation of the helical axes, the resultant microcapsules exhibit omnidirectional structural colors and photonic cross-communication between the microcapsules. Moreover, the photonic microcapsules can be elastically deformed while the planar alignment is maintained, rendering both the optical properties and the capsule shape highly reconfigurable. In chapter 4, I design a CLC resonator in a capsule format to simultaneously achieve high air-stability, wavelength- and intensity tunability, and lasing-direction controllability. The capsule resonators have a triple-layered structure which comprises a CLC core, an ultrathin alignment shell, and a thick elastic solid shell. The capsules were microfluidically created to have uniform size and composition by using oil-in-water-in-oil-in-water (O/W/O/W) triple-emulsion drops as a template. The silicone elastomer shell formed by photocross-linking provides the shape reconfigurability and the high mechanical stability of the capsule structure. Therefore, the CLC capsules enable a stable omnidirectional lasing in an air environment. At the same time, the fluidic CLC core provides wavelength tunability along with an external stimulus of temperature. As the elastic shell allows reversible deformation of the capsules from spherical to nonspherical shapes while maintaining a planar alignment, the lasing direction can be adjusted from the omnidirectional to bi- or multidirectional. Consequently, one can control the intensity of laser on the target location by adjusting the degree and shape of the deformation. In chapter 5, I report core-shell microcapsules which have dual structural color. The core-shell microcapsules comprised a left handed CLC core, thin aqueous layer, and right-handed CLC shell. To minimize optical cross-talk between CLCs, the core CLC was rendered right-handed (R-CLC), whereas the shell CLC was left-handed (S-CLC). The aqueous layer separated the distinct CLCs in the core and shell, and helped the LC molecules to align parallel to the interfaces. The outer CLC shell was further stabilized by polymerizing a reactive mesogen to provide stable core-shell capsules. The capsules display dual structural colours that are switchable, depending on the selection of light-handedness.

콜레스테릭 액정은 액정 분자들이 나선형 나노 구조를 형성하고있는 액정 상(phase)으로 나선형으로 회전하는 액정 분자들로 인해 주기적인 굴절율 변화가 발생하고 브래그의 법칙(Bragg`s law)을 따라 특정 파장대의 빛을 선택적으로 반사하는 1차원 광 밴드갭 특성을 가지게 된다. 또한 콜레스테릭 액정은 전기장, 온도, 빛 등에 반응하여 구조색이 변화하기 때문에 조정 가능한 반사색을 구현 할 수 있다. 이러한 광학 특성을 기능성 소재로 적용하기 위해서는 압력에 의해 쉽게 구조가 쉽게 변형되는 액정 물질을 캡슐화하여 구조적 안정성을 확보해야만 한다. 이를 위해 유변학 및 계면물리학에 기반을 두어 설계된 미세유체시스템은 액정의 캡슐화에 있어서 매우 유용한 공정기술을 제공 할 수 있다. 미세유체소자는 정교한 유량의 제어가 가능하여 균일한 크기를 갖는 캡슐 소재의 형성이 가능하며 이는 액정 캡슐 소재가 외부자극에 대한 균일한 반응성을 나타낼 수 있게 한다. 액정 캡슐 소재는 기존의 평면에서 구현 할 수 없었던 3차원 방향으로의 광학 특성을 나타내는 새로운 형태의 광학 소자에 응용할 수 있다. 제 1장에서는 콜레스테릭 액정의 광학적 특성과 외부자극에 대한 반응성, 액정 분자의 배향에 따른 특성 변화에 대해 간략히 설명하고 기존의 벌크 유화 방법을 통한 콜레스테릭 액정의 캡슐화 방법과 한계점에 대해 서술하였다. 또한 이러한 한계점을 해결하기 위한 기술로 미세유체소자를 통한 캡슐화 방법에 대해 소개하였다. 제 2 장에서는 미세유체소자를 활용하여 오일-물-오일의 이중 액적을 설계하고 콜레스테릭 액정을 코어로, 쉘 부분을 광중합성 하이드로젤로 구성하고 자외선 노광을 통해 견고한 하이드로젤을 막으로 갖는 콜레스테릭 액정 캡슐에 관한 연구를 다루었다. 견고한 하이드로젤막은 공기중에서도 콜레스테릭 액정의 구조가 안정적으로 유지되게 하였다. 또한 이러한 캡슐 소재내의 콜레스테릭 액정은 온도와 같은 외부 자극에 반응성을 유지하고있기 때문에 미세 캡슐형 센서 등으로 응용될 수 있었다. 제 3 장에서는 콜레스테릭 액정의 배향을 제어하기 위해 미세유체소자를 통해 오일-물-오일-물의 구조를 갖는 삼중 액적을 설계하였으며 이를 기반으로 하여 형태 재구성 가능한 콜레스테릭 액정 캡슐에 관하여 다루었다. 미세유체소자의 채널의 젖음(wettability) 특성을 정교하게 제어함으로써 단일 과정으로 삼중 액적을 형성하였으며 삼중 액적은 중심부로부터 콜레스테릭 액정, 수용액의 배향막, 실리콘 고무 전구체 순서로 양파껍질 같은 구조를 가지도록 설계하였다. 또한 광중합을 통해 최외각의 실리콘 전체구를 고분자화하여 안정한 캡슐 소재를 형성하였다. 이러한 액정 캡슐은 플래나(planar) 배향막에 의해 콜레스테릭 액정의 나선축이 방사형으로 배향하게 되어 구의 표면을 따라 전 방향으로 동일한 광학 특성을 나타내었으며 유연한 탄성체로 구성된 캡슐 막으로 인해 형태의 재구성이 가능하였다. 이때 내부의 배향막 또한 유지되었으며 이를 따라 캡슐 내부의 콜레스테릭 액정의 나선축 또한 재구성 되었다. 제 4 장에서는 캡슐 형태의 콜레스테릭 액정 기반의 레이저 공진기에 관하여 다루었다. 광밴드갭을 가지고 있는 콜레스테릭 액정은 광밴드갭영역의 진동수를 가진 광자의 움직임을 제어할 수 있다. 광밴드갭영역에서 발광하는 발광체를 콜레스테릭 액정과 혼합해주면, 광밴드갭에서의 발광은 억제되는 반면 밴드갭 가장자리(edge)에서 광자의 방출 크게 증대되고 여기에 더하여 연속적인 내부 반사에 인한 느린 광자(slow photon) 효과에 의해 레이저의 기본 원리인 유도 방출(stimulated emission)이 가능하게 된다. 앞서 소개된 유연한 고분자막을 가지고 있는 액정 캡슐을 이용하여 캡슐형 레이저 소자를 형성하였으며 캡슐화를 통해 구조적 안정성이 확보된 액정 소재는 공기중에서도 성능저하 없이 레이저 공진기로 활용될 수 있었다. 또한 온도와 같은 외부 자극을 통해 콜레스테릭 액정의 광밴드갭을 조절하여 파장 가변형 레이저로 활용 할 수 있었고 뿐만 아니라 유연한 특성을 활용하여 구 형태에서부터 디스크 또는 다각형 형틀을 따라 다양한 형태로 재구성 할 수 있었다. 이는 원하는 방향으로 레이저의 세기를 조절할 수 있음을 의미한다. 제 5 장에서는 이중의 구조색을 가지는 코어-쉘 구조의 캡슐 소재에 관한 연구를 다루었다. 코어와 쉘은 각각 반대방향의 나선구조를 가지고있는 콜레스테릭 액정으로 구성하였으며 두 액정 물질간의 혼합을 방지하고 액정의 배향을 제어하기 위한 분리막을 포함시켜 삼중 액적을 디자인 하였다. 캡슐의 안정화를 위해 쉘을 이루고 있는 콜레스테릭 액정은 광중합가능한 반응성 액정 물질을 사용하여 고분자화를 유도하였다. 반대 방향의 나선구조를 가지고 있는 콜레스테릭 액정 캡슐은 각각 서로 반대방향의 원편광된 빛을 반사하기 때문에 서로의 광학 특성에 간섭을 하지 않게 되어 두 종류의 광 특성을 하나의 캡슐 소재에서 구현 할 수 있었으며 이러한 기능성 액정 캡슐의 이중 광 특성은 원 편광 조건에 따라 선택 가능하여 이를 활용해 특정 조건에서만 원하는 색을 나타내는 보안소재등으로 응용할 수 있다. 미세유체소자를 활용해 디자인된 액정 캡슐은 기존의 평면 액정 소재에서 발현 될 수 없었던 3차원 전방향으로의 동일한 광학특성을 나타내며 마이크로미터 수준의 크기를 갖는 캡슐들이 개개의 독립적인 소재로 거동하게 된다. 이러한 콜레스테릭 캡슐 소재는 앞서 언급했듯이 외구 자극에 반응하는 스마트 센서, 미세 레이저 공진기, 고차원의 보안 소재 등으로 응용이 가능하며 하나의 빌딩 블록 (building block)으로 이용되어 새로운 형태의 광학 소자로 활용될 수 있다.

서지기타정보

서지기타정보
청구기호 {DCBE 19009
형태사항 xii, 133 p. : 삽화 ; 30 cm
언어 영어
일반주기 저자명의 한글표기 : 이상석
지도교수의 영문표기 : Shin-Hyun Kim
지도교수의 한글표기 : 김신현
수록잡지명 : "Structural Color Palettes of Core–Shell Photonic Ink Capsules Containing Cholesteric Liquid Crystals". Advanced Materials, v.29, no.23, 1606894(2017)
수록잡지명 : "Wavelength-tunable and shape-reconfigurable photonic capsule resonators containing cholesteric liquid crystals". Science Advances, v.4, no.6, eaat8276(2018)
학위논문 학위논문(박사) - 한국과학기술원 : 생명화학공학과,
서지주기 Including references
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(a) Helical nanostructure ofcholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs). (b) Structural color of cholesteric liquid crystal composed ofnematic LC (BHR-59001, BaYi Space LCD Tech., China) and Chiral dopant (S-811), where the dopantconcentration was controlled to be31,27, 21% (w/w) forblue, green and red.

Selective reflection of left-handed CLC. The left handed CLC can reflect only reflect the left circularly polarized light.

(a) Schematics showing the alignment ofLC molecules under no magnetic field (left), high magnetic field (middle), and magnetic field below a threshold (right). The high magnetic field causes LC molecules to align parallel to the field, whereas the magnetic field below a threshold induces a heliconical structure. (b) Electric-field-dependent stop band position for a CLC mixture containing 10% (w/w)

(a-c) Sets ofa schematic and polarized-microscope imageshowing the molecular alignment of CLCs: (a) planar, (b) homeotropic, and (c) random alignment. In the planar alignment, the helical axis 1S perpendicularto the substrate surface. Oily streak defects, called Grandjean texture, are formed, which gradually disappear over time. In the homeotropic alignment, the helical axis is parallelto the plan

(a-c) Schematics showing emulsification method for preparation of oil-in-water emulsion drops: (a) shear mixing, (b) ultrasonication, and (c) membrane emulsification.

(a-f) Sets of schematics showing the process ofshell formation and microscope image of corresponding CLC-laden microcapsules: (a, b) Separation between CLC-rich and polymer-richphases,(C,d) interfacialpolymerization,and(e,f) coacervation. Reproduced with permission from ref.30 Elsevier Ltd (b), ref.34 Royal Society of Chemistry (d), and ref.40 American Chemical Society(f).

(a-b) Schematics showing two different microfluidic devices: (a) PDMS device with a cross-junction for production of oil-in-water emulsion drops and (b) capillary microfluidic device composed oftwo tapered capillaries with tip-to-tip alignment.

(a) Schematic ofa capillary microfluidic device for production ofCLC-in-water emulsion drops. (b) Optical microscope images ofred, green, and blue CLC microcapsules formed by interfacial polymerization, where the images are taken with cross-polarizer. Reproduced with permission from ref.46 American Chemical Society.

(a) Microfluidic capillary device for encapsulation of cholesteric liquid crysta (CLC) with a hydrogel membrane of poly(ethylene glycol)diacrylate (PEGDA). Double emulsion droplets are generated at the junction, of which middle phase is then polymerize upon in-situ UV irradiation. (b) Optical microscope image showing formation of highl: monodisperse oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) double-emulsion drop

(a) Schematic diagram illustrating sequential steps of photo-polymerization hydrogel precursors and medium transfer from oil to water and air. Each inset shov microscopic vlew of shell layer. Symbols we use for volume conservation are shown. (b- Optical microscope images ofmicrocapsules dispersed in (b) oil, (c) water, and (d) air, wher all images are taken at reflection mode. (e) Reflectance spec

Optical microscope image ofmicrocapsules dispersed in hexadecane for 14 days. Although hydrogel shell is formed by photo-polymerization, water molecules in the shell slowly dissolves into hexadecane andthegelbecome swollenbyhexadecane; this makes liquid crystals diffuse out the shell membrane.

(a) Schematic diagram and a series ofoptical microscopeimage showing drying ofcontinuous waterphase. The microcapsules buckle as denoted with second carton and white arrow in fourth optical microscope image and then recover spherical shape as denoted with third cartoon andred arrow in seventh image. (b, c) Series ofoptical microscope images which show (b) drying ofcontinuous water phase and (c) re

Aqueous suspension of microcapsules showing angle-dependent reflection color; as the angle between incident light and view increases, the color blue-shifts.

(a) Flow behavior as a function of volumetric flow rates ofinnermost (0i) and middle(Cm) phases, where volumetric flow rate ofcontinuous phase (Qc) is maintainedat300 pLh- Red square and green triangle denote generation ofdouble-emulsion drops atthe end of longjet and short jet, respectively. Blue and cyan circles denote a dripping mode with and without satellite drops, respectively. Crosses denot

(a) Diameters ofinner drop (Dinner, denoted with black square) and outer drop (Douter, denoted with red square) as a function ofthe volumetric flow rate ofmiddle phase (Qm) where the volumetric flow rates ofinner(Qi) and continuous (Qc) phases are maintained at 28 and 300 uLh-1, respectively. Blue squares denote calculated Douter from mass balance equation. Insets show double-emulsion drops genera

(a,b) Sets ofoptical microscope images and photographs ofCLCs microcapsules showing temperature dependence of reflection color. (c) Reflectance spectra of CLC microcapsules with various temperatures ranging from 20 to 88'C. (d) Temperature dependence ofreflection peak position of CLC microcapsules, where triangles and inverted triangles denote the peak positions measured during heating and cooling

(a) Microfluidic capillary device for simultaneous injection oftwo distinct CLC solutions, where injection capillary has theta (8)-shaped cross-section. (b) Optical microscope image showing generation of double-emulsion drops whose innermost phase 1S injected from both parallel channels, where the channels above and below contain red CLC solution with dopant concentration of20.5% and blue CLC solu

(a) Schematic representation and photograph ofthe capillary microfluidic device used for the production of the 0/W/O/W triple-emulsion droplets consisting of a CLC innermost core, an aqueous middle shell with 15% (w/w) PVA, an outermost oil shell of photocurableresin, anda continuous aqueous phase with10S (w/w) PVA. The inner wall ofthe injection capillary is hydrophilic (blue), and the outer wall

(a-c) OMimagesofmicrocapsules takenin the reflection mode withoutpolarizers. Their CLC cores have three different chiral-dopant concentrations, which leads to different bandgappositions.

(a) Photograph ofa collection bath containing both ofempty microcapsules from W/O/W double-emulsiondropsand CLC microcapsules from 0/W/O/W triple emulsiondrops. (b,c) OM images ofsuspension taken from the middle ofbath (b) and the bottom ofbath (c). The CLC microcapsules rapidly sedimentdue to relativelyhighdensity ofCLC core, while the empty microcapsules remain suspended due to very small densit

(a) Schematic representation ofa double-shell microcapsule with a CLC core with radially aligned helices. (b) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of a blade-cut microcapsule where the CLC core was removed prior to drying. The inset shows the thicknesses of the elastic membrane and the dried PVA film. (c-e) OM images of CLC microcapsules with three different bandgap positions taken in the refl

(a,b) OM images ofCLC drops dispersed aqueous solution ofPVA (a) and CLC microcapsules in water (b). Photonic cross-communication with neighboringdropsis observed in both.

(a) Schematic of photonic cross-communication between two neighboring microcapsules. Beam paths for double reflection with 450 reflection are denoted with green arrows and a beam path for triple reflection is denoted with red arrow. (b) Reflection angle 0 and distance between the dot and center of CLC core relative to radius of CLC core a/Ro as a function of water level relative to diameter of mic

Reflectance spectra ofthe microcapsules with (-) and without(----) thealignment shell. Insets: Corresponding OM images where the field stops are indicated by whitehexagons.

(a) Reflectance spectra of single green microcapsules deformed to four different aspect ratios (the height relative to the diameter of the deformed microcapsule). Insets: Corresponding OM images for each AR value. All OM images were taken in reflection mode withoutpolarizers. (b,c) Series ofOM images ofCLC microcapsules with red (b) and blue (c colors compressed with a pairof glass substrates

(a) Schematicdiagramshowingcoalescence ofCLCdropsundercompression with a pairofglass substrates. (b) OM image showing coalesced CLC drops under compression.

(a,b) OM imagesofmicrocapsule deformed to have aspectratios,AR, of0.13 (a) and recovered to spherical shape (b). Planar alignment of molecules is lost during the deformation of microcapsules. (c) OM images showing rupture of microcapsule under high compression to make smaller AR than 0.13.

(a) Schematic representation showing the removal ofthe continuous phase an the formation of a photonic film with an embedded CLC drop. (b-d) OM images of CL0 microcapsules with an alignment shell consisting of a water/glycerol mixture that wer dispersed in this mixture (b), air (c), orin an elastomer (d). Allimages were taken in reflectio mode without polarizers. (e) Reflectance spectra of the CLC

(a,b) OM images ofspherical and deformed CLC microcapsules in air.

(a-c) Light paths corresponding to photonic cross-communication by dual reflection for microcapsules in three different media: Water and glycerol mixture (a), air (b), and elastomer matrix (c). Refractive indices of membrane and alignment shell in air and elastomer are 1.419 and 1.424, respectively.

Preparation of triple-emulsion drops using a capillary microfluidic device. (a) Schematic for device construction. (b) Optical microscope (OM) imageshowing thejunction ofthe microfluidic device where triple-emulsion drops are produced.

(a) Schematic ofa photonic capsule resonator composed ofdye-dissolved CLC core, an inner alignmentlayer, and an outer elastic shell. (b) Schematic diagram showing the light paths of normal reflection (path 1) and photonic cross-communications between two neighbors (paths "215 and "3'%). (c) OMimage ofCLC capsulesimmersed in a low level ofwater Each capsule shows a central yellow dotthrough normal

(a,b) Photograph and opticalmicroscopy (OM)imageofdried CLC capsulestaken in reflection mode without polarization. The capsules maintain their spherical shape and radially-aligned helical axes in the air, which results in photonic cross-communication. The inset of(b) is a cross-polarized OM image in transmission mode which shows small andlarge fourfold patterns at the center.

(a) Optical setup for emission measurement from capsules. (b) Reflectance spectrum (righty axis) ofCLC capsules in the air and lasingspectrum (lefty axis) in thelong- wavelength edge (LWE) on the CLC capsules. We obtained the reflectance spectrum by subtracting the spectrum taken at 60'C (isotropic state) from the measured one to exclude the influence of the dye absorption. The inset shows a lasin

Tuning ofphotonic stop band with temperature. The reflectance spectra ofCLC solution infiltrated in a planar cell with a thickness of50 nm taken at various temperatures as denoted (left y axis). The CLC solution is a mixture of0.68% (w/w) ofR5011, 19.8% (w/w) ofR811, and 79.52% (w/w) ofE7LC. The spontaneous emission ofPM 597 dye dissolved in the mixture at 60'C(right axis). The LC molecules form i

(a) Series ofOM images ofCLC capsule taken at denoted temperatures. The stop band ofCLC blue-shiftsalong with temperature. (b,c) Reflectance spectra (righty axis) ofdye- free CLC film and lasingspectra (lefty ax1s) from the capsules containing dye-dissolved CLC where we used the same concentration ofchiral dopants in the film and capsule.Lasingoccurs in the SWE in the range of180 to 21.5'C and occ

(a) Wavelengths ofLWE, SWE, and lasing emission as a function oftemperature where a spontaneous emission spectrum ofthe dye is shown in the right panel and representec with a color gradientin the main panel. (b) Threshold energy (lefty axis) forlasingon the CLC capsule in LWE (red circles) and SWE (blue triangles) as a function of wavelength. Th temperature is also denoted. The spontaneous emissio

Control of lasing direction and intensity. (a) Side view of the CLC capsule compressedby apairoftwo plates. An FR ofthe deformed capsule is defined as FR=1- H/D. (b) Side-view OM images of CLC capsule immediately after the deformation taken in transmission mode without polarization (top) and with cross-polarization (bottom). (c) Top- view OM images ofCLC capsule taken in reflection modeshowing the

Enhancement of laser quality over incubation. (a) OM images showing spontaneous healing ofoily streak over incubation for the deformed capsule with FR = 0.36. (b) Images showing the expansion oflasing area upon the healing of oily streak. (c) Lasing intensities from the deformed CLC capsule as a function of pumped energy in LWE over incubation time. (d) The intensity (left y axis; black squares) a

Shape-reconfigurable capsule resonators. (a,b) OM images of CLC capsules inserted in polygonal holes taken in reflection mode without polarization (a) and with cross- polarization (b). The insets of (a) show a shape of polygonal holes and the insets of(b) are schematics for planar alignment ofCLC (dotted lines) and line defects (solid lines). (c) Series oftheemiss1on spectra from thecapsuleconfine

(a,b) Schematic ofa microfluidic device and optical microscope (OM) image showing the generation ofO/W/O/W triple-emulsion dropsthrough single-step emulsification Because the CLC solutions are opaque, itis hard to observe the onion-like topology oftriple- emulsion drops.

(a) Photograph ofa collection bath containing triple-emulsion dropsin the bottom and double-emulsion drops in the top. The triple-emulsion drops are spontaneously separated from double-emulsion drops as thedensity ofdispersion medium is setto beintermediate value between those ofthe triple and double. (b,c) OM images ofsuspensions taken from thetop(b) and the bottom (c) ofbath.

(a,b) OM images of triple-emulsion drops composed ofright-handed CLC core with red reflection colour, aqueous isolation layer, and left-handed polymer-stabilized CLC shell with green reflection colour, where images are taken as soon as drops are formed (a) and in 12 h (b). (c,d) OM image of core-shell capsules prepared by UV irradiation on triple- emulsion drops after 12 h of incubation (c) and in

(a) Reflectance spectra ofdouble-emulsion drops whose shellis CLC containing reactive mesogen before (black curve) and after (green curve) photopolymerization. Insets are OM image showingtop surfaces before (left) and after (right) polymerization. (b,c) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showingpolymerized CLC shell (b) and shell cross-section (c).

(a-i) Sets ofschematic (a,d,g), opticalmicroscope (OM)image in reflection mode without polarization (b,e,h), and OM image in transmission with cross-polarization (c,f,i) for drops ofright-handed cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs) with red reflection colour (a-c), shells ofleft-handedpolymer-stabilized CLC with green reflection colour containing an aqueous core (d-f), and core-shell capsules compos

(a,b) Schematic illustration of core-to-core (a) and shell-to-shell (b) photoni cross-communications between two neighbouring core-shell capsules. Green arrow in (a) anc blue arrow in (b) denotes photonic cross-cominunication by double reflection with reflectioi angle of450. Orange arrow in (a) and cyan arrow in (b) denotes photonic cross-communicatioi by triple reflection. (c,d) Reflection angle,

(a,b) OM images showing photonic cross-communication for red CLC drops (a) and green CLC shell (b), where the water level is reduced from the leftmost panel. The dots formed by triple reflection are indicated by arrows. When the water level is above threshold value responsible for total internal reflection, there is no cross-communication by triple reflection. As the level is lowered, angle ofrefl

(a,b) Schematics showing the selection ofright- and left-circularly polarized lights using a set ofa quarter-wave plate (QWP) and linear polarizer (LP), respectively. (c-e) OM images of the core-shell capsules in reflection mode with selection ofright-handed light (c), selection ofleft-handed light (d), and no selection (e).

(a-d) A setofdesign, OMimagetaken withoutpolarization, OMimagetaken with selection of right-circularly polarized light, and OM image taken with selection of left- circularly polarized light for core-shell capsules whole blue liquid core is right-handed and green polymer-stabilized shell is left-handed. (e-h) Same setfor core-shell capsules whose red liquid core is right-handed and blue polymer-sta

Reflectance spectra ofcore-shell capsulesofcyan,magenta, and yellow colours. Insets are corresponding OM images.

(a-c) OM images showing red core (a), green shell (b), and yellow core-shell capsule (c). (d-f) OM images showing red core (d), blue shell (e), and magenta core-shell capsule (f). (g-i) OM imagesshowingblue core (g), green shell (h), and cyan core-shellcapsule (i). RGB values are extracted from central region ofimages and converted to coordinates of CIE colour space. (j) CIE 1931 (International Co

(a-c) Series ofOM imagesshowing core-shell capsules at temperatures denoted atpanels: capsules with a selection ofright-handed light (a), selection ofleft-handed light (b), and no selection (c). Insets are OM image taken with field stop showing top surface ofthe capsule. Reflection colour from the liquid core red-shifts as temperature increases, while colour from the polymer-stabilized shell remai

(a) Reflection spectra of core-shell capsules measured at denoted temperatures without selection oflight-handedness. (b) Schemesand spectra ofcore-shell capsules at75'C, where the spectra are measured with selection of right-circularly polarized light (grey), left- circularly polarizedlight (orange), or no selection (red).

Temperature dependence ofstop band positions ofcore and shell.