서지주요정보
Alterations of physical interaction in a collective cell migration by an electric stimulus = 전기장에 의한 세포 단일층 내 세포의 군집운동과 물리적 상호작용에 대한 연구
서명 / 저자 Alterations of physical interaction in a collective cell migration by an electric stimulus = 전기장에 의한 세포 단일층 내 세포의 군집운동과 물리적 상호작용에 대한 연구 / Minjeong Son.
발행사항 [대전 : 한국과학기술원, 2016].
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8028899

소장위치/청구기호

학술문화관(문화관)B1층 보존서고

MME 16022

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Cell migration plays an essential role in regulation of developmental and pathological conditions. In many of these processes, cells move cohesively either as clusters, chains, or sheets in a collective manner. This collectiveness in cell migration is particularly relevant in wound healing, morphogenesis, neovascularization, or cancer metastasis. The most marked characteristic of the collective migration is the cooperativity amongst neighboring cells due to physical connections through cell adhesions. The emergence of the collective behavior can be regulated by several external stimuli, either mechanical, geometrical, or chemical. While the collective behavior in the cell monolayer has gained much attention, the response of collective cells to an external stimulus in a cooperative view is not fully understood. Therefore, it is our goal to investigate how the collective behaviors arise in response to externally applied physical stimulation. We first choose a direct current electric field (dcEF) as a source for non-invasive cue for cell migration, and create the cellular strip by employing a micro-patterning technique with mammary gland epithelial cell, MCF-10A. Cellular motions are assessed by the particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) and the cell-substrate adhesion forces are quantified by the traction force microscopy (TFM), based on which the intercellular stresses can be calculated. The specific aims of this work are 1) to develop an integrated platform where a stable EF can be applied to the cell strip on a bead laden hydrogel, 2) to monitor the cellular motions and forces under the electric stimulation using PIV and TFM, 3) to quantify the changes in the cellular cooperativity of collective cell migration in both kinematic and dynamic perspectives, and finally 4) to identify the key biomolecular components responsible for these changes. The generated platform allows real time monitoring of the dynamic changes in cellular motions as well as the bead displacement from which traction force can be calculates. Upon EF stimulation of 0.5V/cm, the cells show enhanced migration with increased heterogeneity and complexity in their motions. The cellular tractions inside the strip also show spatial heterogeneity with dynamic temporal fluctuations with the electric stimuli. Both spatial and temporal fluctuations may be associated with a number of different factors such as changes in cellular proliferation rate, integrity of the cell-cell junctions, or any EF-induced intracellular signals that affect cellular migration. Our immunofluorescent images indicate that the integrity of E-cadherin is compromised with apparent internalization with the EF. Our protein assays using Western Blot identify EGFR, ERK, AKT, and Src as possible candidates for the EF-induced responses in enhanced migration of MCF-10A. In summary, the combinatorial effects of the reduced cell-cell junctional stability and the increased migratory capacity of individual cells by EF stimulation may contribute to the accumulation of fluctuations in cellular tractions and intercellular stresses, leading to the enhanced cooperative migration in the cellular monolayer.

세포의 움직임은 체내에서 일어나는 다양한 종류의 생리 및 병리학적 현상에 필수적이다. 세포의 움직임은 단일 세포의 운동과 군집 운동(collective migration)으로 나뉠 수 있다. 세포의 군집 운동은 하나의 세포가 개별적으로 움직이는 단일 세포의 운동과 달리 주변의 세포와 세포간 결합(cell-cell junction)과 같은 물리적 연결 상태가 세포가 움직이는 동안 유지된다. 이러한 세포간 물리적 결합 때문에 세포의 군집 운동에서 가장 두드러지는 특징은 세포의 조직성 (cooperativity)이다. 이러한 군집 운동의 특성은 기계적 자극, 기하학적 자극 및 다양한 외부 자극에 의해 조절되기도 한다. 일반적인, 자극이 없는 세포의 단일층에서 세포의 군집 운동의 특성에 대한 연구가 많이 이루어진 반면, 군집 세포가 외부자극에 대해 조직성의 관점에서 어떻게 반응하는지에 대한 연구는 많이 이루어지지 않고 있다. 본 연구에서는 전기장에 의해 세포의 군집 운동 특성이 어떻게 나타나도 변화하는 지에 대해 공부하고자 한다. 현미경을 통해 세포의 움직임을 관찰하는 동시에 전기장을 인가할 수 있는 장비를 개발하였으며, 군집 세포의 조직성을 나타내는 지표로 세포와 바닥 간 힘 (tractions)을 사용하였다. 빈 공간을 향해 자유로이 움직일 수 있는 가느다란 직사각형 모양의 군집에서는 대칭적인 움직임을 보인 반면, 0.5V/cm의 전기장을 인가한 동일 모양의 군집에서는 비대칭적인 움직임을 보였다. 이는 전기장에 의해 군집 세포가 방향성 운동을 한다는 것을 내포한다. 세포 바닥 간 힘은 공간적으로 부호가 반대되는 값을 서로 반복하여 나타나는 패턴을 보였는데, 특히 전기장을 인가한 실험군의 경우, 힘이 지속되는 시간이 대조군 보다 짧게 나타났다. 즉, 세포 바닥 간 힘이 시간에 따라 변동했다. 이는 군집 세포의 조직성이 시간에 따라 변동했다는 것을 의미한다. 우리는 면역염색을 통해 전기장을 인가 했을 때, 군집에서 E-cadherin의 모양이 유지되기는 하나 대부분 세포 내부에 퍼져 있는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 이를 통해 우리는 E-cadherin이 전기장 자극에 의해 변화된 군집 세포의 조직성과 상호 관계가 있음을 추측할 수 있었다.

서지기타정보

서지기타정보
청구기호 {MME 16022
형태사항 xii, 37 p. : 삽화 ; 30 cm
언어 영어
일반주기 저자명의 한글표기 : 손민정
지도교수의 영문표기 : Hyunjong Shin
지도교수의 한글표기 : 신현정
학위논문 학위논문(석사) - 한국과학기술원 : 기계공학과,
서지주기 References : p. 31-32
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The specifics of.responses fordifferent cell types and to various direct-current (DC) electric field strength [3]. Cells show different response to electric fields according to cell types and experimental conditions.

Investigation on electrotactic collective cell migration and coordination in collective cells by geometrical constraints. (A) MDCKs migrated perpendicular to surface vector of perimeter regardless of an electric field. (B) Contractior-elongatior type of motion is observed in the narrow strips of MDCKs. Cells, confined in a geometry narrower (B) or smaller (C) than the correlation length of velocit

Physical interaction of cells within a cell monolayer. (A) Traction forces represent the mechanical interaction of cells with the substrate through adhesions. (B) Intercellular stresses represent the interaction of cells with their neighboring cells through cell-cell junctions. Cell-cell junctions are subjected to nommal and shear stresses, in consequence of mechanical coupling.

Traction force measurementusing (A) elastic micro pillararray and (B) elastic soft hydrogel embedded with fluorescent beads. (C) Traction forces exerted by an MDCK monolayer upon its substrate in the direction perpendicular to the edge. Spatial distribution of traction was heterogeneous, large tractions were frequentboth attheleadingedge andmany IOWS behindit[15].

Monolayer stress microscopy [15]. (A) Schematic representation of force balance between traction forces (T) and intercellular stresses (o). At any point in a monolayer (B), the intercellular stress defined in (X, y) frame (C), have shear and normal component(D).

Phase contrastimage of MCF-10A cells inaT-75 flask. (A) Sub-confluent MCF-10A cells grown as clusters. (B) Confluent MCF-10A cells grown to monolayer makingstable cell-celljunction

Protocol for different Young's modulus (stiffness, kPa) of polyacrylamide (PAA) hydrogel. The ratio of 40% acrylamide and 2% bis-acrylamide solution determines the stiffness of hydrogel. PAA hydrogel which has young S modulus of 150kPa is too stiff to measure the deformation ofa hydrogel by cells.

Micro-patterning of a cellular monolayer. (A) The overall procedure of cell monolayer patterning on a hydrogel. (B) Schematic of cell patterning. (C) A phase image ofa cell monolayer fabricated with circular PDMS mask.

Customized platform for electric fields and real-time imaging. (A) Schematic of the whole system with the developed platform for electrical stimulation. (B) The platform is spatially separated to observation windows and Steinberg S solution. (C) A slide glass where a biological sample will be is fixed to the device by a simple L- shape clamp. The humidity of within the observation is maintained fr

Results of electric field simulation in a volume corresponding to a medium volume inside the observation window. (A) The total electric potential applied at each end of the volume (red arrow) was 10V. There were straight equipotential lines within the volume conresponding to medium. Solid gray line indicates the location of a slide glass. (B) Graphof thestrength ofvoltagealong the solid gray line.

Variables in electric field simulation.

Experimental setup with the fabricated platform (A) The device for electric field stimulation was well mounted on an inverted microscope. The electric field was applied with apowersupply. (B) The structures ofthe fabricated device inside(Top) and outside (Bottom). The size of thedevice was comparedwitha coinof500 won.

Functional validation of the fabricated device. (A) The electric density profile according to the concentration of SteinbergS solution and an input voltage from the source. (B) pHchange profile with electric field stimulation for12 hours. We set asafety zoneforcell viabilitybetweenpH7 andpH8 shown as athickline.

An image of PAA gel dish for the electnic field stimulation platform The stability and suitability to the platform were principal consideration for traction force microscopy.

Factors related with how close the fluorescent beads placed on the surface ofPAA gel, and results of gelation according to several combinations. So far, 1.3 ul TEMED, 600 rpm, and 1500s conditions could be used for traction force microscopy.

(A) After stabilizing the cell monolayers for about 4 hours, cells in the monolayer weremigratingfreely, orexposedto the electricfield of 0.5V/cmforfollowing 4hours. (B) Thenormal distribution of area atthetime of before and after EF stimulatior in control and EF stimulation group described how cell area changed with or without the electric stimuli.

The kymographs of componential velocities. (A) The kymograph of X componential velocity in the control group was symmetric with respectto amiddleline of thestrip. (B) Duringthe electric field stimulation, EF group showed asymmetricmigration between the opposite migrations in red and blue. Inside the monolayer (yellow boxes in (A) and (B)), the migrationslooks moreheterogeneous in the kymographfort

Electrotactic migration within the cell monolayer (A) The angle of componential velocity kymograph for the edges (6anode,Qcathode) were measured fc the EF group to compare between the expansion length toward the anode and th cathode. Penetration angle (0pen.) was the anglebetween the centerlineandpenetratio line in the kymograph. (B) The anodal expansion length was longer than the cathod length. (

Thekymographs of componential tractions. (A) Thekymographs forx tractions were characterizedby thestrong inward tractions atthe edges of themonolayer: (B) There were altemating opposite tractions inside the monolayer in the X and y componential traction kymograph forboth control and the EF group. The tractions within the monolayer fluctuatedintime whenamonolayer was exposed to the electricfield (t

Traction vectors in the strip over the observation time. Comparing the black boxes in control group (A) and EF group (B), the traction vectois inside the strip in EF group were more heterogeneous and fluctuated in time. Blue arrows indicatethe typical traction vectoratthepositionand atthetime

Collective packs during the observation time were defined by accumulated highest20% similarity in tractions (A) forthe control group, (B) forthe EF group, and (C) forthe treatment of EGTA (0.8mM and 4mM) group. The collective packs lasted forlong time coloredinred and forshorttime coloredinblue.

(A) Merged and (B) paxillin stainingimages. Paxillin was developed at the edges of the stnp (white arrows) andintemalizedinside thestnipregardless ofthe electric stimulation. Green: Paxillin, Red: actin, and blue: DAPI. Scale bar=100ym.

(A) Merged and (B) E-cadherin staining images. E-cadherin of the strip seemed to he dissociated and intemalizedlby the electric field. Green: E-cadherin, Red: actin, andblue: DAPI. Scalebar=100um (20umforinsetimages)

EGFR andits downstream signals, AKT, ERK, and Src were phosphorylated and activated by the electric stimulation of 0.5V/cm The activated signals suggested the increased cell motilityin the electric stimulated monolayer:

The cell-celljunction seemed to beirelevant with the fluctuations in tractions. (A) MCF-10A cells in a monolayer cultured in the presence of 0.8mM and 4mM EGTA. (B) The kymograph forthe tractions, and (C) the colormap for collective packslooked to be similar with thatofthecontrol group.