서지주요정보
Research on electromigration-resistance improvement of Cu interconnect by graphene and polymer/graphene composite capping layer = 그래핀과 고분자/그래핀 혼합물 캡핑층을 이용한 구리 배선의 일렉트로마이그레이션 저항성 개선 연구
서명 / 저자 Research on electromigration-resistance improvement of Cu interconnect by graphene and polymer/graphene composite capping layer = 그래핀과 고분자/그래핀 혼합물 캡핑층을 이용한 구리 배선의 일렉트로마이그레이션 저항성 개선 연구 / Seong Jun Yoon.
발행사항 [대전 : 한국과학기술원, 2015].
Online Access 원문보기 원문인쇄

소장정보

등록번호

8027658

소장위치/청구기호

학술문화관(문화관)B1층 보존서고

MEE 15062

휴대폰 전송

도서상태

이용가능(대출불가)

사유안내

반납예정일

리뷰정보

초록정보

Recently, as the feature size of integrated circuit (IC) is continuously miniaturized, the line width of interconnects also should be scaled down. As a result, severe electromigration prob-lem have been arisen nowadays. Circuit engineers need to follow a more restrictive electromi-gration-rule for circuit design, greatly reducing design flexibility and efficiency. To mitigate the electromigration-induced failure, introducing a capping layer on top of Cu line surfaces is a common strategy. However, the conventional metal-based cap is difficult to be thinner as the line width become narrower. Furthermore, making a thinner cap by conventional methods eventually causes a loss of the electromigration suppressing ability. Therefore, a new and back-end of line (BEOL) compatible capping layer is needed for future technology nodes. Here, it is demonstrated that a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) cap layer effectively blocks electromigration at the surface of Cu, resulting in improved interconnect lifetime. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis suggests that the functional groups at the surface of rGO interact with the surface Cu atoms and consequently suppress the migration of surface Cu atoms. In addition, a functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) surface using polyvinylpyrrol-idone (PVP) is performed to make dense and uniformly distributed functional groups on the GO surface and enhance the suppression capability of electromigration. Significantly im-proved lifetime of Cu interconnect is achieved by the PVP/GO capping layer. Also, the inter-calated PVP molecules inhibit the restacking of GO sheets, making it possible to fabricate much thinner capping layer (~3 nm) compared to rGO. The electromigration activation energy of the PVP/GO capped Cu interconnect is found to be 1.23 eV and that of pure Cu intercon-nect is 0.76 eV, revealing that the major electromigration path changes from the Cu-SiNx inter-face to the grain-boundaries of Cu.

본 학위 논문에서는 환원된 그래핀 옥사이드 (rGO)와 폴리비닐피롤리딘 (PVP)/그래핀 옥사이드(GO) 캡핑층이 구리 배선의 수명에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구가 수행되었다. 우선, rGO 캡핑층의 도입이 구리 배선 표면에서의 electromigration 현상을 억제시키는데 효과적인 것으로 드러났다. 기존 연구된 화학기상증착법(CVD)으로 증착된 그래핀의 경우 그래핀 캡핑층으로의 전류 분배가 구리 배선에 흐르는 전류 밀도를 감소시키는 효과를 주기 때문에 구리 배선의 수명 증가 효과가 보이는 반면, 본 연구에서 보인 rGO 캡핑층이 형성된 구리 배선의 수명 증가는 rGO 캡핑층 표면에 존재하는 작용기들이 배선 표면의 구리 원자들과 상호작용을 하고, 이로 인하여 배선 표면에서 발생하는 electromi-gration 현상이 억제되었을 것으로 추측된다. 두 번째로, 그래핀 기반 캡핑층의 electromigration 억제 효과를 증대시키기 위한 방법으로 고분자 물질과 GO의 혼합물이 제안되었다. 이를 위한 고분자 물질로는 PVP가 선택되었으며 GO 용액과 혼합시킴으로써 GO 표면의 functionalization 이 수행되었다. PVP/GO 혼합물을 이용한 얇은 캡핑층이 형성된 구리 배선의 경우 수명이 획기적으로 증대된 모습을 보였다. Electromigration 측정 결과로부터 추출된 activation energy는 순수 구리 배선이 0.76 eV, PVP/GO 캡핑층이 형성된 구리 배선이 1.23 eV 으로 얻어졌다. 이는 구리 원자의 주된 elec-tromigration 경로가 Cu-SiNx 계면으로부터 배선 내부의 grain boundary 로 변화되었음을 나타내며, 그래핀 기반 캡핑층이 향후 차세대 배선 안정성 측면의 solution으로써 가능성이 있음을 시사하는 결과이다.

서지기타정보

서지기타정보
청구기호 {MEE 15062
형태사항 vi, 40 p. : 삽화 ; 30 cm
언어 영어
일반주기 저자명의 한글표기 : 윤성준
지도교수의 영문표기 : Byung Jin Cho
지도교수의 한글표기 : 조병진
Including Appendix
학위논문 학위논문(석사) - 한국과학기술원 : 전기및전자공학과,
서지주기 References : p.
QR CODE

책소개

전체보기

목차

전체보기

이 주제의 인기대출도서

Hierarchical scaling oftypical multi-level interconnects of MPU and ASIC device[1.2].

Evolution of maximum currentdensity (from device requirement) and electromigration currentlimit (from targeted lifetime) [1.2].

Typical failure by void and hillock of metal line caused by electromigration [2.1].

Schematic illustration of metal diffusion/migration paths in metal lines. [2.5].

Cross-sectional scanningelectron microprobe mapping showing theAl distribution atthe cathode. [2.6].

TEM cross-section micrograph ofCoWP capped Cu interconnect structure. [2.10].

Plot of the median lifetime t50 VS. 1/T for Cu lines with various caps. [2.10].

(a) 丌 and 0bondingstructure of graphene, (b) Electronic dispersion in thehoney- comb lattice [2.12].

(a) Maximum currentdensity VS resistivity plotfor metal/graphene compositeand only metal lines with differentlinelengths. (b) Linearfits to the plots shown in (a) forthe com- positelines [2.20].

SEM image of110 nm width single-damascene Cu lines.

Example of electromigration testof a single Culinefollowed theJEDEC isothermal electromigration testprocedure.

Resistance dependence on temperature of pure and rGO capped Cu interconnects.

Schematic illustration of electronigration test structure.

(a) AFMimage ofrGO layercoated on ablanketCufilm and (b) corresponding line pro- file.

Lognormal cumulative failure distribution plots forpureand rGO capped Cuintercon- nects.

Void and Hillock formation after the electronigration-induced failure.

Initial line resistance of pure and rGO capped Cu interconnects.

Sheetresistance ofrGO films coated on Si/SiO2 substrate with different film thickness measured byfour-pointprobe method.

High-resolution XPS spectra of(a) C 1s and (b) 0 1s core level peaks for pure rGO film and (c) C 1s and (d) 0 1s core level peaksforrGO film on Cu substrate.

Electromigration testresultof pure andrGO capped Cuinterconnects with SiNxpas- sivation layer. Insetimage shows a schematic illustration ofteststructurehaving dielectric passivation on cappinglayer.

(a) Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and (b) derivative ofTG (DTG) curves ofPVP, GO, and PVP/GO films.

Resistance dependence on temperature of PVP/GO capped Cu interconnects.

Cross-sectional TEM image of PVP/GO capped Cu interconnect structure with SiNx passivationlayer.

EELS line profiles (correspond to the arrow in Fig. 4.3).

(a) Attenuated total reflectance FT-IR spectra of PVP/GO and GO films. (b) Raman spectra ofPVP/GO film.

Electromigration test result of pure and PVP/GO capped Cu interconnects with SiNx passivationlayer.

Initial line resistance of pure and PVP/GO capped Cu interconnects.

High-resolution XPS spectra of(a) C 1sand (b) 0 1s core level peakforpurePVP/GO film and (c) C 1s and (d) 0 1score level peakforPVP/GO film on Cu substrate.

Arhhenius plotofmedian lifetime t50 VS. 1/T for pure and PVP/GO cappedCuintercon- nects.

Isothermal wafer-level electromigration testresults ofTtest =400 'C, 425 'C, and475 'C for pure Cuinterconnects. Thecurrentdensities foreach testset are normalized to 65 MA/cm2.The measurementresults are summarized in Table 4.1.

Isothermal wafer-level electromigration test results ofTrest = 400 C, 425 iC, and475 iC for PVP/GO densities for each test set are normalized to 65 capped Cu interconnects. The current MA/cm2. The measurementresults are summarized in Table 4.1.

MTTFs and standard deviations (o) for pure and PVP/GO capped Cuinterconnects with various test temperatures. Jnorm = 65 MA/cm2.

Cross-sectional TEM image ofCuinterconnectstructure. Dashed lineindicatesgrain boundaries ofthe Culine. A polycrystalline grain structureis clearly seen.