서지주요정보
Analysis of energetic features of the loaded walking subjected to the trunk flexion change = 허리각도 변화에 따른 하중 하 보행의 에너지 측면에서의 분석
서명 / 저자 Analysis of energetic features of the loaded walking subjected to the trunk flexion change = 허리각도 변화에 따른 하중 하 보행의 에너지 측면에서의 분석 / Ji-Il Park.
발행사항 [대전 : 한국과학기술원, 2013].
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8025021

소장위치/청구기호

학술문화관(문화관)B1층 보존서고

MME 13018

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The purpose of this research is to analyze the energetic features of loaded gait subjected to the trunk flexion change. The feature of gait is analyzed by comparing the impulse, momentums and mechanical works between normal and loaded gait. For analysis, human gait is modeled as a simple mechanical system. Typical simple mechanical system is the simplest walking model like inverted pendulum. Merit of simplest model is able to predict energetic features of human gait like impulse, momentum and mechanical work. However, this model has a defect due to the assumption and simplification. It is because this model has in-stantaneous collision by simultaneous push-off and heel-strike impulses, so gravitational effect was ignored during a step-to-step transition. To work out this problem, Yeom proposed finite collision model for the double support phase of human walking. This model can analyze the gravitational effect on the center-of-gravity during the double support phase. Based on this model, energetic feature of loaded gait subjected to the trunk flexion change will be analyzed. To analyze the human gait, experiment was performed with 7 subjects comprised of trained active-duty sol-diers 5 and graduate students discharged from active service 2. Through this, we measured the ground reaction forces and kinematic data and calculated the collision impulses and mechanical work. The result shows mechanical work done during single support phase is always close to zero to minimize total net work. In other word, it means that human walk efficiently to minimize total net works in case of loaded gait. Furthermore, energy influx for walking occurs at double support phase. Therefore, it can be seen that most of the process is almost performed in the double support phase.

이 연구의 목적은 허리각도 변화에 따른 하중 보행의 에너지 측면에서의 분석에 있다. 이는 보행시 발생하는 충격량, 운동량, 역학에너지의 분석을 통해 진행하였으며 분석을 위해 인버티드 펜듈럼 형태의 간단한 역학 보행을 모델링하였다. 이 모델의 장점은 실제사람의 보행시 발생하는 충격량, 운동량, 역학에너지와 유사한 데이터를 얻는데 있다. 하지만, 이 모델은 여러가지 가정과 단순화에 의해 단점을 가지고 있다. 이는 모델의 양발지지구간에서의 시간이 거의 순간적이기 때문에 중력에 의한 충격량이 반영되지 않기 때문이다. 따라서, 이러한 단점을 해결하기 위해 제안된 유한충돌모델을 통해 하중 하 보행의 에너지 측면에서의 특징을 분석하였다. 분석을 위해 현역 군인 5명, 2년 이상의 군 경험이 있는 대학원생 2명을 포함하여 총 7명을 대상으로 실험을 진행하였다. 실험을 통해 지면반력과 키네매틱 데이터를 얻었으며 충격량, 운동량 그리고 역학 에너지를 계산하였다. 연구 결과 하중 하 보행에서도 한 다리지지구간에서 유입되는 에너지는 거의 없는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 하중 하 보행이 일반적인 보행과 동일하게 에너지 소모를 최적화하며 걷는다는 것을 의미한다. 이는 하중 하 보행시 허리각도를 변화시켰을 때에도 동일한 결과가 나타났다. 이를 통하여 사람의 보행에 필요한 에너지 유입은 양발지지구간에서만 이루어 지기 때문에 매우 중요한 이벤트라고 할 수 있다.

서지기타정보

서지기타정보
청구기호 {MME 13018
형태사항 viii, 69 p. : 삽화 ; 30 cm
언어 영어
일반주기 저자명의 한글표기 : 박지일
지도교수의 영문표기 : Soo-Hyun Kim
지도교수의 한글표기 : 김수현
공동지도교수의 영문표기 : Su-Kyung Park
공동지도교수의 한글표기 : 박수경
Including Appendix
학위논문 학위논문(석사) - 한국과학기술원 : 기계공학전공,
서지주기 References : p. 57-59
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Gaitcycleand phase (A: New GaitTerms, B: Classic GaitTerms, C: The normal distribution oftime during the gaitcycle atnormal walkingspeed)[23].

The passive dynamic walker. General configuration of a two dimensional biped [12]

The Step of Garcia's simplest walking model [13]. Lighterline is the new stanceleg and heavier ine is swingleg. 0 is the angle of the stance leg with respect to the slope normal. 0 is the anqle between the

Transition rule at heel strike [13] (A) before collision (B)After collision

The active powered walking model [14] (A) Description of the variables and parameters (B) Geometry of thepush-offand heel strike impulse

Mechanical works perstep with respectto the push-offimpulse P. [14]

Impulse-momentum diagram ofthe COG during a step-to-step transition (A) Free body diagram of the COG during the double support phase (B) Gravitational impulse model (C) No-gravity model.[2]

Experiment setup: The force plates (AccuGait, AMTI, MA, US) on the walkway and the motion capture cameras (Hawk, MotionAnalysis, CA,US) placed around walkway.

Marker attachments and the forward-view of the walkway

Trunk flexion (Unit: 으)

Size of the military backpack (A) Front (B) Side

Physical information of subjects (Unit: cm and kg)

criteria of eachjoint angle (The counterclockwise is the positive direction)

Jointangle data by the motion capture camera (Red and bluelines are the angle data of the rightand left marker) (A) Upperbody angle (B) Hipjointangle (C) Kneejointangle (D)Anklejointangle

The ground reaction forces data measured by three force plates. (Step sequence is R→L→R).

GRFs data through three steps (step sequence: R→L→R)

Velocity ofthe COG (A)Vx (Forward direction) (B)Vy (Vertical direction)

Position of the COG (A) Px (Forward direction) (B)Py (Vertical direction)

Impulse-momentum diagram during the double support phase time

Segment parameter of inverse dynamics method. d,CandHare the distance from the joint to the COG(segmentcenter of gravity), thelength ofthesegment and jointangle. (1 : ankle. 2 : knee, 3 : hip, 4: waist)

Body segmentinformation [7]

Free body diagram of shank. Here 6,f,T and a are each joint angle, muscle force,jointtorque and acceleration of the segment, respectively. Also, each number denotes the segment(1 : ankle, 2: shank, 3 : thigh, 4: upperbody). Clockwise momentis negative direction.

Free body diagram of thigh and upper body. Here 6,f,T and a are each joint angle, muscle force,

Free body diagram of the footduring the stance phase. The anklejointtorque is generated by ground fo 2+ D on 26

Normal centre of pressure line (gaitline). [29]

Calculation ofCOP. The GRT is the ground reaction torque measured data from the force plate

The horizontal displacement of the COP

Center of gravity displacements (sub. 4). Solid line is normal gaitand dashed solid line isloaded gait

file pestwon irf CUG (217131 , hotild galt, 제 moued galu)

Two components of GRFs curve of the normal and loaded gait. Upper line is the vertical GRF and lowerline is anterior/ posteriorGRF

Jointanglesduring the onegaitcycle. (Clockwise is negative direction.)

Comparison of the impulse between the normal and loaded gait.

Directions ofthe momentum between the normal and loaded gait.

Impulse - momentum diagram by the load change. (Dashed line is the normal gaitand solid line

Percentage of the error between mvt and mv. +P+G+H com com

Mechanical works between the normal and loaded gait.(Wp,Wh,Wg and, Wss are work done by

Variation of the COG subjected to the trunk flexion change (Sub.3)

of the COG (trunk flexion change)

Two components ofGRFs curve subjected to the trunk flexion change

Magnitude ofthepush-off, heel strike and gravitational impulses subjected to the trunkflexion change. The graviational impulse was significantly changed by the flexion change due to the change of the doublesupportphase time. (Push-off:R2=0.0157,P=0.8101, Heelstrike:R2=0.0163,P=0.8814 Gravitational.R2=0.0681.P=0.0405)

The double support phase time subjected to the trunk flexion change. As the trunk flexion became larger, the double supportphase time decreased evidently(R2 =0.0681,P =0.0405).

Direction ofpush-offand heel strike impulses by the flexion change (beta:R2 =0.0197,P =0.2761.

Direction of the pre-collision and after collision momentum by the flexion change (alpha:R2=0.2615,P=0.0000216, theta:R2=0.0166,P =0.9429,)

ofthe error between mv+ com and mv. com +P+G+H (trunk flexion change)

Theimpulse-momentum diagram subjected to the trunk flexion change. Dotted line, solid line and dashed line are the small flexion, natural flexion andlarge flexion, respectively.

Mechanical works subjected to the trunk flexion change. W.:R3=0.1267,P=0.0046 WE:R2=0.0817,P=0.0243, Wc:R2=0.1732,P=0.0061, W.SS :R2=0.0463,P=0.0931)

Fig, 4-16 Vertical velocity of the COG as a function to the trunk flexion change.

Jointangles ofthe ankle, knee, hipand waistjointsubjected to the trunk flexion change.

Jointtorques (B.W.75kg,backpack 25 kg). Solid line is the waist torque ofthe natural trunk flexion

Joint power subjected to the trunk flexion change

Joint powers (B.W.75kg, backpack 25 kg)

Calculation of the centerof gravity ofthe loadedgait.L1, L2, L3, S1, and S2 are the heightofthe center of body mass, height of the backpack, vertical distance from sacral (L5) to the backpack, distancefrom the trailingleg to the center ofbody mass, and horizontal distance from the center ofbody mass to the backpack, respectivey.

Mechnical work during single supportphase (computed by Potential and Kinetic energy)

Mechanical worksduring single supportphase (by the finite collision model). Variable : trunk flexion angle(computed by the angle of pre-collision momentum). Real contition : m=95kg,Vcom =1.35m/s,P=H =93Nm, h=1.7m,Beta = gam = Phi =17deg).

Combined graph (experimental data and the finite collision model).

Correlation with the inter-leg angle and push off impulse (by simplified model). Optimal push-offimpulse increased as inter-ee angle became larger.

Push-off impulse by velocity change.

Heel strike impulse by velocity change.

Direction of push-off impulse by velocity change.

Direction of heel strike impulse by velocity change.

Double supportphase time variation by velocity change.