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A study on mechanism of alkaline membrane fuel cell by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy = 교류 임피던스 방법을 이용한 고체 알칼리 연료전지 메커니즘에 대한 연구
서명 / 저자 A study on mechanism of alkaline membrane fuel cell by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy = 교류 임피던스 방법을 이용한 고체 알칼리 연료전지 메커니즘에 대한 연구 / Seok-Hee Park.
발행사항 [대전 : 한국과학기술원, 2013].
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8024853

소장위치/청구기호

학술문화관(문화관)B1층 보존서고

DCBE 13004

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Alkaline membrane fuel cells (AMFCs) offer significant advantages over traditional (aqueous KOH-based) alkaline fuel cells, in that membrane based systems avoid issues of electrolyte migration, mitigate corrosion concerns, can be operated with differential pressures, prevent carbonate precipitation and offer design simplification. However, AMFCs still have some problems that need to be resolved such as their relatively poor stability and the low conductivity of currently available alkaline membranes. Only a small amount of research on these fuel cells appears in the literature and unlike polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs), only a few preliminary results of the AMFCs have been reported about the electrochemical reaction mechanism. In this regard, it is necessary to understand the reaction mechanism by in-situ electrochemical characterization techniques such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), polarization curve, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and current interruption methods. Among these techniques, EIS has many advantages including reduced experimental error, limited potential control error, separated physical phenomena. The present work was mainly focused on the investigation of the mechanism of AMFCs by using electrochemical impedance method. In addition, the improved membrane electrode assembly (MEA) durability of AMFCs by addition of polymer binder was established by analysis of the interfacial cohesion effect. In chapter Ⅲ, effective electrochemical analysis for AMFC MEA by using polarization curve and EIS was conducted under various conditions including gas flow rate, cell temperature, catalyst type and oxygen concentration to investigate the mechanism of the AMFC. According to the type of the catalyst in MEA, the impedance increase along the operation voltage from 0.8 V to 0.4 V for both catalysts, Pt and non-Pt catalyst. But the magnitude of the impedance by non-Pt catalyst is higher than that of the Pt catalyst due to the high charge transfer resistance (Rct) with low catalytic reactivity. The contact resistance (Rcont) of the MEA is much smaller than the Rct of it for both catalysts and similar regardless of the operation voltages. On the contrary, the Rct increase along the operation voltage from 0.8 V to 0.4 V because of the difficulty of the gas diffusion in cathode layer. The decreasing rate of the depression parameter in non-Pt catalyst is much smaller than that of Pt catalyst at lower operation voltage. Therefore, there is some economical advantage at low voltage operation by replacing costly Pt catalyst with cheap non-Pt catalyst in AMFC. Secondly, the minimum of the oxygen concentration is 17% for stable fuel cell operation. In addition, the Rcont of the MEA is similar and the Rct increase a lot along the operational voltage. Thus, the decrease of the oxygen concentration in mixed gas affects mainly the reaction at the three-phase interface. According to the change in humidity condition from 110% to 70%, the performance of the MEA decrease continuously. The Rcont and Rct of it increase at lower humidity of 70% due to the insufficient water supply and slow ion conduction. Optimal performance was acquired at fully hydrated condition of 100% but the flooding effect at over-humidified state of 110% aggravates the performance. Additionally, the magnitude of the impedance is mainly affected by the humidity condition, not by the operation voltage. The humidity condition influences on the important resistances such as Rohmic and Rct. This study also has addressed the effect of the operation temperature and the best result was reported at 70 ℃. The Rcont of the MEA decrease along the temperature except at operation temperature of 80 ℃. This could explain that the increased product water with higher current density improves the ion conduction in electrolyte membrane and diminish the interfacial resistance of the MEA. Furthermore, the Rct of the MEA also decreased along the operation temperature except at cell temperature of 80 ℃ due to the improved activity of the catalyst itself. The elevated temperature of the MEA without immediate cooling cause under-humidified condition and higher resistances such as interfacial and reaction resistance. In chapter Ⅳ, the effect of adding a polymer binder on the interfacial adhesion of MEAs between a non-Pt cathode layer and a pore-filling membrane in AMFCs by using EIS was investigated. Although there is some decrease in performance associated with adding a polyethylene (PE) binder, it is still important to do so because it is effective for increasing the durability of AMFC MEA. For the durability tests at 0.6 V for 12 h, the best durability result was achieved with 20 wt.% PE binder content. Optimum binder content is important because of the competing effects of contact resistance and charge transfer resistance. And a trade-off is inevitable between performance and durability in AMFCs that use a polymer binder as an additive. The same material as the substrate of the pore-filling membrane is more effective than other binders, such as PTFE, for reinforcing interfacial adhesion ability. The catalyst layer with a PE binder can be completely transferred to the pore-filling membrane at the single cell operation temperature of 50 °C. This could be used to adapt the continuous manufacturing process associated with mass production for hydrocarbon-based AMFC MEA.

고체 알칼리 연료전지(AMFC)는 전통적인 KOH 수용액 기반의 알칼리 연료전지에 비해 전해질 이동문제, 부식 문제 등을 해결할 수 있어 상당한 장점을 가지고 있고 또한 차압운전, 카보네이트(carbonate) 침전방지 및 디자인의 단순화가 가능하다. 그러나 낮은 셀 안정성과 현재 적용가능한 음이온막의 낮은 이온전도도 등 해결해야 할 문제들이 여전히 많이 있다. 또한 고체 알칼리 연료전지 관련된 연구보고는 많지 않고 특히 전기화학적인 반응 메커니즘에 관해서는 고체 전해질 연료전지와는 달리 거의 없는 상황이다. 따라서 전기화학적 임피던스 분석법(EIS), 분극 곡선(I-V), 순환전류 분석법(CV), 전류차단법과 같은 실시간 전기화학 특성평가법을 통해 반응 메커니즘을 이해하는 것이 필요하다. 이와 같은 분석법 중에서 전기화학적 임피던스 분석법은 실험 오차, 제한된 전압 조절 오차를 줄일 수 있고 물리적 현상의 분리해석이 가능한 점 등 많은 장점이 있다. 이 논문은 전기화학적 임피던스 분석법을 이용하여 고체 알칼리 연료전지의 메커니즘을 규명하는 데 주로 초점이 맞추어져 있다. 게다가 고분자 결합제를 추가함에 따른 고체 알칼리 연료전지 막전극접합체(MEA)의 내구성 향상을 위해 계면에서의 결합력 강화 효과를 분석하였다. 3장에서는 고체 알칼리 연료전지 막전극접합체의 효과적인 전기화학적 분석을 위해 기체 유량, 운전 온도, 촉매 종류 및 산소 농도 등의 조건을 바꿔가며 전기화학적 임피던스 분석법을 이용한 연구를 진행하였다. 백금 및 비백금 촉매 모두 임피던스 작동전압을 0.8 V에서 0.4 V로 낮춤에 따라 임피던스가 증가하였다. 그러나 비백금 촉매의 낮은 활성으로 인한 높은 전하 전달 저항 때문에 백금 촉매에 비해 임피던스의 절대값은 더 크게 나왔다. 두 가지 촉매의 경우 모두 막전극접합체의 접촉저항(Rcont)이 전하 전달 저항(Rct)에 비해 매우 작았으며 작동 전압에는 크게 상관없이 비슷한 값을 보였다. 이와는 반대로 전하 전달 저항은 임피던스의 작동 전압이 0.8 V에서 0.4 V로 낮춤에 따라 계속 증가하는데 이는 공기극에서의 기체 확산이 점점 어려워지기 때문이다. 또한 낮은 운전 전압에서 비백금 촉매의 depression parameter의 감소율은 백금 촉매에 비해 많이 낮았다. 그러므로 고체 알칼리 연료전지를 낮은 전압에서 운전할 경우 값비싼 백금 촉매를 비백금 촉매로 대체함에 따른 경제적인 이점이 있다. 공기극의 산소 농도를 바꾸는 실험에서는 안정된 성능 확보를 위해 최소한 17%의 산소 농도가 필요함을 알 수 있었다. 게다가 막전극접합체의 접촉 저항은 산소 농도에 따라 비슷하지만 전하 전달 저항은 작동 전압이 낮아짐에 따라 크게 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 그리하여 혼합가스 내의 산소 농도의 감소는 삼상 계면에서의 반응에 주로 영향을 미침을 알 수 있다. 가습 조건을 110%에서 70%로 낮추는 실험에서 막전극접합체의 성능은 계속 떨어졌고 접촉 저항 및 전하 전달 저항은 70% 가습 조건에서 크게 증가하였는데 이는 불충분한 수분 공급으로 인해 이온 전달 속도가 크게 떨어지기 때문이다. 최고 성능은 100% 가습 조건에서 확보하였으나 110%로 과하게 가습할 경우 전극내의 flooding 현상으로 인해 오히려 성능이 발생하여 성능이 떨어짐을 알 수 있었다. 이 때 운전 전압의 변화는 가습 조건의 변화에 비해 거의 영향이 없었다. 가습 조건의 변화는 여러 가지 저항 중 막저항 및 전하 전달 저항에 주로 영향을 미친다. 단위 전지 운전 온도의 변화에 대한 연구에서 70도가 최적 온도임을 확인하였고 80도를 제외하고는 온도가 증가함에 따라 접촉 저항이 감소하였다. 이는 높은 전류밀도에서 생성된 물에 의해 전해질막과 이오노머 내에서의 이온의 전도성이 좋아지기 때문이다. 게다가 전하 전달 저항도 80도를 제외하고는 운전 온도를 올림에 따라 지속적으로 감소하는데 이는 높은 온도일수록 촉매 자체의 활성이 증가하기 때문이다. 그러나 높은 성능에 의한 반응열로 인해 단위전지의 냉각이 제대로 이루어지지 않을 경우 오히려 저가습 조건이 되어 계면 및 전극에서의 저항이 증가하게 된다. 4장에서는 비백금 촉매와 세공충진막을 이용하는 고체 알칼리 연료전지의 막전극접합체에서 고분자 결합제의 첨가에 의한 계면 결합력 강화 효과에 대해 연구하였다. 폴리에틸렌(PE) 결합제를 첨가함에 따라 일정 부분 성능감소를 가져오지만 막전극 접합체의 내구성 강화를 위해서는 매우 효과적임을 알 수 있었다. 0.6 V에서 12시간 동안의 연속운전 결과에 따르면 최고 내구성은 20%의 폴리에틸렌 결합제를 추가할 때 얻어졌다. 접촉 저항과 전하 전달 저항간의 상호 경쟁 효과 때문에 폴리에틸렌 결합제의 최적 함량을 구하는 것이 중요하다. 그러나 고분자 결합제를 첨가물로 사용할 때이 특성 때문에 성능과 내구성간의 적절한 선택이 불가피하다. 이 연구에서 세공충진막의 기재와 동일한 물질인 폴리에틸렌을 고분자 결합제로 사용하는 것이 일반 결합제인 PTFE 결합제를 사용하는 것보다 계면의 결합력을 향상시키는 데 매우 효과적이다. 또한 일반적인 고체 알칼리 연료전지의 운전 온도인 50도에서 기재에 코팅된 전극층을 세공충진막으로 열간 압착에 의해 전사하였는데 완전한 전사가 이루어졌다. 이러한 결과는 탄화수소막을 사용하는 고체 알칼리 연료전지의 막전극 접합체의 제조에 있어 연속공정을 이용한 양산이 가능하다는 중요한 점을 시사한다.

서지기타정보

서지기타정보
청구기호 {DCBE 13004
형태사항 viii, 104 p. : 삽화 ; 30 cm
언어 영어
일반주기 저자명의 한글표기 : 박석희
지도교수의 영문표기 : Seung-Bin Park
지도교수의 한글표기 : 박승빈
수록잡지명 : "A highly durable cross-linked hydroxide ion conducting pore-filling membrane". Journal of Materials Chemistry, v. 22, pp. 13928-13931(2012)
수록잡지명 : "Improved Interfacial Adhesion of Membrane Electrode Assemblies Using Polymer Binders and Pore-filling Membranes in Alkaline Membrane Fuel Cells". Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry,
학위논문 학위논문(박사) - 한국과학기술원 : 생명화학공학과,
서지주기 References : p. 99-101
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A sinusoidal voltage perturbation and resulting sinusoidal current response. The current response will possess the same period (frequency) as the voltage perturbation but will generally be phase shifted by an amount [.

Bode plot of a two time constants model simply simulated over the frequency range 100 kHz ~ 0.01 Hz.

Application of a small signal voltage perturbation confines the impedance measurement to a pseudolinear portion of a cell's i-V curve.

Example Nyquist plot from a hypothetical fuel cell. The three regions marked on the impedance plot are attributed to the ohmic, anode and cathode activation losses. The relative size of the three regions provides information about the relative magnitude of the three losses in this fuel cell.

Circuit diagram and Nyquist plot for a simple resistor. The impedance of a resistor is a single point of value R on the real impedance axis (x axis). The impedance of a resistor is independent of frequency.

Physical representation and proposed equivalent circuit model of an electrochemical reaction interface. The impedance behavior of an electrochemical reaction interface can be modeled as a parallel combination of a resistor and a capacitor. The capacitor (Cai) describes the charge separation between ions and electrons across the interface. The resistor (Rct) describes the kinetic resistance of the

Circuit diagram and Nyquist plot for a series RC. The impedance is a vertical line that increases with decreasing 0. The real component of the impedance is given by the value of the resistor. As frequency decreases, the imaginary component of the impedance (as given by the capacitor) dominates the response of the circuit.

Circuit diagram and Nyquist plot for a parallel RC. This semicircular impedance response is typical of an electrochemical reaction interface. The high-frequency intercept of the semicircle is zero, while the low-frequency intercept of the impedance semicircle is R. The diameter of the semicircle (Rr) gives information about the reaction kinetics of the electrochemical interface.

Circuit diagram and Nyquist plot for a Warburg element used to model diffusion processes. The impedance response is a diagonal line with a slope of 1. Impedance increases from left to right with decreasing frequency.

Circuit diagram and Nyquist plot for a porous bounded Warburg element, which is used to model finite diffusion processes (with diffusion occurring through a fixed diffusion layer thickness from an inexhaustible bulk supply of reactants)

Impedance summary of common equivalent circuit elements

Physical picture, circuit diagram, and Nyquist plot for a simple cell impedance model. The equivalent circuit for this fuel cell consists of two parallel RC elements to model the anode and cathode activation kinetics, an infinite Warburg element to simulate cathode mass transfer effects, and an ohmic resistor to simulate the ohmic losses.

Summary of values used to generate Nyquist plot in Figure II -2-10.

In H2-02 fuel cells the cathode impedance is often significantly larger than the anode impedance. In these cases, the cathode impedance can mask the impedance of the anode, as shown to varying degrees in (a) and (b). This masking (or also occurs if the RC time constants for the anode and cathode reactions overlap. In these cases, the anode impedance may be unmeasurable.

EIS characterization of a fuel cell requires impedance measurements at several different points along an I-V curve. The impedance response will change depending on the operating voltage. (a) At low current (b) At intermediate current (higher activation overvoltages) (c) At high current.

Schematic diagram of AMFC single cell.

Effect of relative humidity in anode catalyst layer on single cell performance by chronoamperometry at 0.8V.

Effect of hydrogen flow rate in anode catalyst layer on single cell performance by chronoamperometry at 0.8V.

H2/air(CO2 free) performance curves of MEA with Pt/C anode and Pt/C cathode. All MEAs with anode loading of 0.5 mgp/cm2 and cathode loading of 0.5 mgp/cm2, in-house pore-filling membrane and commercial ionomer.

Nyquist plots of the impedance spectra at various Eapp (0.8, 0.6 and 0.4 VSHE) obtained from single cells by using of Pt/C anode and Pt/C cathode.

H2/air(CO2 free) performance curves of MEA with Pt/C anode and Cu-Fe/C cathode. All MEAs with anode loading of 0.5 mgpr/cm2 and cathode loading of 2.0 mg4020/cm2, in-house pore-filling membrane and commercial ionomer.

Nyquist plots of the impedance spectra at various Eapp (0.8, 0.6 and 0.4 VSHE) obtained from single cells by using of Pt/C anode and Cu-Fe/C cathode.

The contact resistance Rcont, charge transfer resistance Rct and depression parameter adl determined from the impedance spectra measured at different applied voltages Eapp of 0.4 to 0.8 VSHE.

Plots of contact resistance (Rcont) and charge transfer resistance (Rct) against cell voltage obtained from single cells by using of Pt/C anode and Pt/C or Cu-Fe/C cathode.

Plots of depression parameter (adi) against cell voltage obtained from single cells by using of Pt/C anode and Pt/C or Cu-Fe/C cathode.

H2/air(CO2 free) performance curves of MEA with Pt/C anode and Cu-Fe/C cathode under various oxygen concentrations (21, 17, 13 and 11%). All 2 MEAs with anode loading of 0.5 mgp:/mm and cathode loading of 2.0 mg4020/cm2, in-house pore-filling membrane and commercial ionomer.

Nyquist plots of the impedance spectra at various oxygen concentrations (21, 17, 13 and 11%) and 0.8 V obtained from single cells by using of Pt/C anode and Cu-Fe/C cathode.

Nyquist plots of the impedance spectra at various oXygen concentrations (21, 17, 13 and 11%) and 0.6 V obtained from single cells by using of Pt/C anode and Cu-Fe/C cathode.

Nyquist plots of the impedance spectra at various oxygen concentrations (21, 17, 13 and 11%) and 0.4 V obtained from single cells by using of Pt/C anode and Cu-Fe/C cathode.

Plots of contact resistance (Rcont) and charge transfer resistance (Rct) against oxygen concentrations (21, 17, 13 and 11%) obtained from single cells by using of Pt/C anode and Pt/C or Cu-Fe/C cathode.

Plots of depression parameter (adi) against oxygen concentrations (21, 17, 13 and 11%) obtained from single cells by using of Pt/C anode and Pt/C or Cu-Fe/C cathode.

H2/air(CO2 free) performance curves of MEA with Pt/C anode and Cu-Fe/C cathode under various humidity conditions (70, 80, 90, 100 and 110%). 2 All MEAs with anode loading of 0.5 mgp/cm and cathode loading of 2.0 mg4020/cm2, in-house pore-filling membrane and commercial ionomer.

Nyquist plots of the impedance spectra at various humidity conditions (70, 80, 90, 100 and 110%) and 0.8 V obtained from single cells by using of Pt/C anode and Cu-Fe/C cathode.

Nyquist plots of the impedance spectra at various humidity conditions (70, 80, 90, 100 and 110%) and 0.6 V obtained from single cells by using of Pt/C anode and Cu-Fe/C cathode.

Nyquist plots of the impedance spectra at various humidity conditions (70, 80, 90, 100 and 110%) and 0.4 V obtained from single cells by using of Pt/C anode and Cu-Fe/C cathode.

Plots of contact resistance (Rcont) and charge transfer resistance (Rct) against various humidity conditions (70, 80, 90, 100 and 110%) obtained from single cells by using of Pt/C anode and Pt/C or Cu-Fe/C cathode.

Plots of depression parameter (adi) against various humidity conditions (70, 80, 90, 100 and 110%) obtained from single cells by using of Pt/C anode and Pt/C or Cu-Fe/C cathode.

H2/air(CO2 free) performance curves of MEA with Pt/C anode and Cu-Fe/C cathode under various single cell operation temperature (50, 60, 70 and 2 80'C). All MEAs with anode loading of 0.5 mgpi/cm and cathode loading of 2.0 mg4020/cm2. in-house pore-filling membrane and commercial ionomer.

Nyquist plots of the impedance spectra at various single cell operation temperature (50, 60, 70 and 80'C) and 0.8 V obtained from single cells by using of Pt/C anode and Cu-Fe/C cathode.

Nyquist plots of the impedance spectra at various single cell operation temperature (50, 60, 70 and 80'C) and 0.6 V obtained from single cells by using of Pt/C anode and Cu-Fe/C cathode.

Nyquist plots of the impedance spectra at various single cell operation temperature (50, 60, 70 and 80'C) and 0.4 V obtained from single cells by using of Pt/C anode and Cu-Fe/C cathode.

Schematic diagram of AMFC single cell.

H2/air(CO2 free) performance curves with different ionomer contents. All MEAs with anode loading of 0.5 2 mgp/cm and cathode loading of 2.0 mg4020/cm2, in-house pore-filling membrane and commercial ionomer.

Effect of PE binder content in cathode catalyst layer on single cell performance.

Effect of PTFE binder content in cathode catalyst layer on single cell performance.

Durability test for MEAs with various binder contents in cathode catalyst layer: (a) PE binder, and (b) PTFE binder.

Nyquist plots of the impedance spectra at Eapp = 0.6 VSHE obtained from single cells by addition of different binder content: (a) PE binder, and (b) PTFE binder.

Resistance comparison of MEAs containing different binder contents: (a) PE binder, and (b) PTFE binder.

Cathode surface images after constant-voltage operation of 12h: (a) optical image, and (b) SEM image.

Transfer results of catalyst layers to pore-filling membranes by decal method: (a) no binder, (b) addition of 20 wt% PF binder, and (c) addition of 20 wt% PTFE binder.