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Optical properties of quantum dot-metal composites and their applications in detection of prostate cancer biomarkers = 양자점-금속 합성물의 광학특성 및 전립선 암 생물지표 탐지의 응용
서명 / 저자 Optical properties of quantum dot-metal composites and their applications in detection of prostate cancer biomarkers = 양자점-금속 합성물의 광학특성 및 전립선 암 생물지표 탐지의 응용 / Li-Hua Jin.
발행사항 [대전 : 한국과학기술원, 2012].
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Due to unique optical and electrical properties, such as broad excitation region, narrow emission area, tunable optical properties, strong luminescence, and excellent photostability compared to conventional organ-ic dyes, luminescent semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have been utilized in wide applications in biology such as biological imaging, DNA detection, multiplexing beads, and efficient donors in fluorescence (Forster) resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanisms. Recently, the QDs- metal nanoparticle (NP) composites have offered highly promising potential applications in nanotechnology and biotechnology because of their interest-ing properties, such as fluorescence enhancement and quenching effects. Considerable theoretical and experi-mental effort is being made to understand the mechanisms of the photoluminescence (PL) enhancement and quenching phenomenon for QDs-metal composites. However, understanding on the mechanism and potential applications of the fluorescence quenching phenomenon is still very limited. Properties of the QDs-metal com-posites have been performed in a solid state. For real biological applications, the QDs-metal composites with unique optical properties should be available in a water solution, while there have been only a few research works on the composites dispersed in a water solution. Even though some research had worked on the optical properties in aqueous solution, it is still not enough to systematically understand the quenching and enhance-ment mechanisms in our own QDs-metal system. The aims of this research are to gain deep understanding of PL quenching and enhancement dynamics in QDs-metal composites, and to obtain a new protein chip detection system with high sensitivity and low limit of detection (LOD) by using QDs- metal composites. The first study in this dissertation is to investigate the fluorescence dynamics of QDs-metal compo-sites. We indicated a systematical study of optical properties, especially the quenching mechanism of QDs in the absence and presence of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in water solution. The amine functionalized CdSe/ZnS QDs and the citrate ions absorbed Au NP interact by electrodynamics interaction. Relative PL, rela-tive PL excitation, and time-resolved PL analysis revealed the contributions of the Forster resonant energy transfer (FRET) and the surface plasmon (SP) enhancement processes in the PL quenching. We found that the quenching phenomenon is affected by interplay of the FRET and SP enhancement processes of QDs-Au NP composites in aqueous solution. We carefully controlled the conditions during the fabrication and characterizations of QDs-Au NP composites to consider possible influences in PL quenching: i) Various sizes of QDs and different excitation wavelengths are used to consider the size-dependent PL properties; ii) Inner filter effect, which contains the influences of Au NPs on the excitation beam and the emission of QDs by absorption, are considered. iii) The interaction between QDs and Au NPs has also been confirmed by PL intensity recovery after adding sodium chloride, and it is indeed responsible for the quenching in the QDs-Au NP composites solution According to the consideration of the quenching and enhancement mechanisms, we designed our SPR and SPCE measurements to detect real protein chips by using QDs-metal composites for obtaining high detect-ing sensitivity and low LOD. It is well known that clinical outcome of cancer diagnosis is highly dependent on the stage at which the malignancy is detected and therefore early screening which related to the detection sensitivity is extremely important in any type of cancer. In recent researches, a limit of detection for biomolecules (i.e. prostate specific antigen, PSA for short) was achieved as low as dozens of femtomolar (fM) by using surface plasmon- enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy method in the fluorescence-based detection. However, for medical diagnostic applications, biological samples often contain attomolar or few fM concentrations of biomolecules, which is lower than the currently achieved limit of detection. Increasing the sensitivity for ultrasensitive analysis of analytes has been an active area of research in biotechnology. In this part, we demonstrated the QDs-based PSA cancer protein biochips by using surface plasmon-coupled emission measurements (SPCE) for the first time. Here, a 5 nm SiO2-protected 50 nm gold thin film on BK7 glass is used as substrate, and PSA antibodies (Abs) are conjugated with pegylated QDs. We achieved a limit of detection as low as 10 fg/mL (equal to 0.3 fM). It was 100 times better than the earlier report, in which the organic dyes were used as fluorescent probes and the LOD was 34 fM. The key point for this high sensitivity is the excellent brightness of QDs, which is proportional to the extinction coefficient (ε, molar absorbance) and quantum yield (Φ) of the fluorophore, εXΦ The brightness of the QDs is 20-40 times higher than the commonly used organic dyes, and the high brightness of QDs allows the decrease of the quantity of fluorescent labels, consequently, limits the nonspecific binding. Also, we measured these protein chips to obtain the images and spectra of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) dispersion curves by using SPR technique. We can detect the PSA protein chips with the concentration of PSA as low as 100 fg/mL by using SPR setup. In our experiment, the SPCE and SPR signals can be obtained with high sensitivity and low LOD at the same time. Our results suggest a great potential for fabricating and detecting various cancer proteins which are present in very low concentrations within the human body by labeling QDs as fluorescence probes. Furthermore, we are working on improving the detection sensitivity to gain lower LOD for QDs-based protein chips by using SPCE measurement in present of Au NPs.

발광 반도체 양자점들은 상업적인 유기 염료들에 비하여 우수한 광안정성과 넓은 여기 영역, 좁은 흡수 영역, 형광공명에너지 전달 (FRET) 메커니즘에서의 효율적인 donor 역할 등 독특한 광학적, 전기적 특성을 가지고 있어 나노 공학과 바이오 레벨링, DNA 검출, 복합 비즈, 같은 바이오 공학 분야에서 매우 큰 관심을 끌어 왔다. 또한, 독특한 광학적, 화학적 특성 때문에 금 나노 입자같은 금속 나노 입자들은 광탐침, 표적 약품 전달, 프로그램화된 물질 합성 등 많은 바이오 나노 공학의 응용에 매우 적합하다. 최근 이러한 양자점-금속 합성물 제작 시, photoluminescence (PL) 향상 효과와 소거 효과같은 흥미로운 특성이 발견되어 바이오 공학에 있어서 매우 다양한 응용성을 보여주고 있다. 본 논문의 첫 번째 주제는 양자점-금속 복합 구조체의 동력학적인 발광 특성과 같은 기초 특성 연구와 응용에 대한 연구이다. 우선, 우리는 액체상태에서 금속 나노 입자 유무에 따른 양자점 PL 소거 효과 메커니즘에 대한 체계적인 광특성 연구를 하였다. 아민 작용기가 코팅된 CdSe/ZnS core/shell 양자점과 구연산염 (citrate) 이온이 코팅된 금 나노 입자는 서로 전자기력에 의해 상호작용을 하게 된다. PL, PL exciation, 시분해 PL 분석을 통해 양자점 PL 소거 메커니즘이 금 나노 입자의 존재에 따른 FRET 및 표면 플라즈몬의 향상 과정에서 영향을 받은 것을 확인하였다. PL 소거 현상은 FRET 과 표면 플라즈몬의 향상 효과의 복합 작용의 결과로 볼 수 있는데 PL 세기 감소의 중요한 요소가 무엇인지를 밝히기 위해 다양한 가능성을 고려하여 체계적인 분석을 하였다. 1) 다양한 양자점 크기와 여기 에너지를 변화에 따른 효과를 보기 위해서 양자점 크기를 변화 시켜가며 PL 특성을 관찰하였고; 2) 금 나노 입자의 존재는 여기광을 산란시켜 양자점 여기에 영향을 줄 수 있고 양자점 PL을 일부 흡수할 수 있기 때문에 이와 관련된 inner filter 효과의 영향을 검토하였다. 3) 양자점과 금 나노 입자 사이의 정전기 상호작용에 관한 분석을 위해서sodium chloride 를 더 한 뒤 PL 특성의 다시 원상태로 돌아오는 것을 확인하였는데 그 결과 양자점과 금 나노 입자의 상호작용이 PL 소거 효과와 크게 관련 되어 있음을 확인하였다. PL 세기의 향상과 소거 과정에 대한 기초연구를 바탕으로, 우리는 실제 단백질 칩 측정을 위해서 높은 측정 감도와 낮은 검출 한계 (LOD)를 가진 반도체-금속 나노 복합체 기반의 표면 플라스몬 공명 (SPR)과 표면 플라스몬 결합 방출 (SPCE) 측정 방법을 설계하였다. 이를 통해 우리는 최초로 양자점 기반의 전립선 (PSA) 암 단백질 바이오 칩을 SPCE 방법으로 측정하였다. 이를 위하여 5 nm 의 SiO2와 50 nm 의 금 필름이 코팅된 BK7 유리를 기판으로 사용하였으며 PSA 항체 와 결합되어 있는 pegylated 양자점을 사용하였다. 이를 통해 위 시스템의 검출 한계LOD는 10 fg/mL (0.3 fM) 정도로 계산 되였고 기존의 유기 염료를 사용한 연구 결과 (34 fM) 와 비교할 때 약 100 배 정도 높았다. 이와 같은 고감도 측정의 핵심포인트는 양자점의 탁월한 밝기이다. 양자점의 밝기는 일반적으로 사용되는 유기 염료보다 20-40 배 이상이며 양자점의 높은 밝기는 형광 라벨의 수량의 감소에 도움이 되고 또한 비특이성 바인딩을 제한할 수 있다. 또한 이러한 단백질 칩을 SPR 기술을 사용하여 표면 플라스몬 공명 분산곡선의 이미지와 스펙트럼을 측정 한 결과, SPR 시스템을 사용 시100 fg/mL 와 같은 미량의 PSA를 검출할 수 있었다. 위 실험에서 SPCE 와 SPR 측정을 통해 높은 감도와 낮은 검출한계를 동시에 얻을 수 있음을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 양자점 라벨링을 통해 인체에 존재하는 미량의 다양한 암 단백질을 검출할 수 있는 고성능 바이오 칩 제작 가능성을 보여주었다. 현재 계속해서 금 나노 입자를 이용한 SPCE 측정을 통해 양자점 기반의 단백질 칩의 측정 감도를 더욱 증가시키고 있다.

서지기타정보

서지기타정보
청구기호 {DPH 12019
형태사항 viii, 76 p. : 삽화 ; 30 cm
언어 영어
일반주기 저자명의 한글표기 : Jin Li-Hua
지도교수의 영문표기 : Yong-Hoon Cho
지도교수의 한글표기 : 조용훈
학위논문 학위논문(박사) - 한국과학기술원 : 물리학과,
서지주기 References : p. 68-69
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Densities of states versus energy for 3D represents the bulk, 2D quantum wells, 1D quantum wires and 0D QDs.

The optical properties ofQDs, (a) broad absorption and narrow emission spectra compared with ordinary organic dyes. (b) Tunable emission wavelengths of QDs with the sizes. Spectra in (a) was captured from Nature materials, Vol. 4, June 2005, 435-446. Picture in (b) was captured from website http://wv.w.nanotio.com/board/list.php?board num=11.

(Left) Electronic band structures for CdSe QDs, and (right) typical absorption spectra for Cd QDs solutionsin toluene. Thedifferentspectra correspond to differentsizes ofQDs: leftto right: 2.5,3.1, to 3.5 nm in diameter. The electron transitions were indicated for corresponding discrete bands in the spect Thisfigure was captured from reference thesis "Cadmium selenide nanocrystals forspecificinter

(Upper) Schematic diagramsillustrating alocalized surface Plasmon and (lower) absorption spec- trum of spherical Au Ps with 10 nm size. The electric field ofan incoming light wave induces a polarization ofa spherical Au NP. The difference ofthe chargedensity occurS only atthe nanoparticle surfaces, and actas restoring force

Integrated PL spectra ofamine functionalized CdSe/ZnS core/shell QDs and absorption spectra of these QDs as well as Au NPs. Here, e.g., IOD545 and AQD545 stand forPL and absorption spectrum of QD545, respectively. The excitation wavelength forPL measurements is 442 nm with an excitation powerof0.5 mW

Schematic ofcitrateions adsorbed AuNPs, aminefunctionalized CdSe/ZnS core/shell QDs, an QDs-AuNP composites afterionic interaction and TEM images of CdSe/ZnS core/shell QDs, AuNPs, and QDs-AuNP composites afterionic interaction. Insetis a zoom-in image ofa single QDs-AuNP composite.

(Upper) PL spectra ofQDs-Au NP composites with volume variation. The emission peak of the QDsis 545 nm. (Lower) The final amount ofparticles ofQDsand Au NPsin 1 mL final solutions which cor- responded to the volume ofthose took from original solutions.

(Upper) Schematic of measurement setups for influence-on-excitation (A) and influence-o emission (B) ofAu NPs and (Middle) PL spectra of influence-on-excitation (A) and influence-on-emissi (B) of Au NPs with varying Au NPs volumes. The emission peak of the QDsis 545 nm. (Lower) The fir amount of particles of QDs and Au NPsin 1 mL final solutions which corresponded to the volume of tho

(A) Integrated PL intensities (after normalization) versus the volume of Au NPs solutions for QD545 with influence-on-excitation and influence-on-emission ofthe Au NPs,and QDs-Au NP composites, respectively. (B) Normalized PL spectra of QDs only (solid line) and QDs with the inner filter effect ofAu NPs (QDs with IFE) (dotted line). Here, only the IFE oftheAu NPs was considered. The normalized PL

(Upper) RelativePL spectraofQDs-AuNP composites with volume variation ofNaCl (100I and (left lower) the schematic of electrolyte screening effect. (Right lower) The final amount of particl QDs and Au NPs, and salt (NaCl) in 1 mL final solutions which corresponded to the volume of those

Relative PL spectra (RQD545, RQD560, RQD583, RQD603, and ROD619) for QD545 (blue dash-dot-dot), QD560 (green dash-dot), QD583 (orange dot), QD603 (pinkdash), and QD619 (wine line) with 442 nm exci- tation wavelength.

Comparison ofrelative PLE spectra for QDs-Au NP composites, which the lowest intensities of relative PLE for different QDs-Au NP composites were normalized. Inset in (a) is relative PLE spectra (RQD560, RQD583, RQD603, and ROD619) for QD560(green), QD583 (orange), QD603 (red), and QD619 (wine). The relative PLE spectra (e.g., ROD560) were obtained using PLE spectra of QDs-Au NP composites divided

TRPL spectra ofQDsonly and QDs-AuNP composites for (A) QD560 and (B) QD619.A pulsed laser source with wavelength of371 nm was used forexcitation.

Total internal reflection of light

(A) Schematic representation of evanescent filed on a metal surface and K.retschman prisn configuration experimental setup for Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) measurements carried out with hemispherical prism. (B) Schematic depicting theinteractions ofincidentlightwith a metal film. Figures were captured from reference Anal. Chem. 2009,81,6913-6922.

Excitation geometries for observation of SPCE. Excitation by directillumination (RK) and excita- tion by surface Plasmon generated atthe metal-substrate interface (KR).

Schematics ofthe fabrication processes ofthe protein chipsby using QDS conjugated PSA Abs as the PSA cancer biomarkers

Schematics of (upper) SPR experimental setupin Kretschmann configuration and (lower) struc- ture ofa protein chips.

(A) SPR dispersion curve images for PSA and control protein chips obtained by CCD camera. Here, 100 fg/mL (3 fM) of PSA for PSA protein chips and 1 mg/mL ofangiogenin for control protein chip were used. The horizontal and vertical directions in images were the SPR angles and excitation wavelengths, respectively. The images from left to right: surface functionalization, blocking, and P-P (antigen-a

Schematics of SPCE experimental setupin reverse Kretschmann configuration

(a) Fluorescence spectra ofthe PSA protein chip measured in SPCE (black solidline) andFS (red dotline). Insertin (a) showspolarized emission spectra with a 405 nm laser as an excitation source. (b) Angu- lar distribution of the PSA chip. Here the concentration of the PSA is 100 ng/mL. Most of the emitted light was localized ata SPR anglein SPCE measurement.

PL spectra ofconcentation-dependent PSA protein (from 100ug/mL to 10 fg/mL) measured in

Integrated SPCE and FS intensities of protein chips with different concentrations ofPSA. The limitof detection ofthe PSA was obtained 10 fg/mL in SPCE measurement. The coefficient ofvariation (CV) was 2.91% and the error barindicated one standard deviation in each measurement.

The coefficientofvariations (%) foreach concentration ofPSA in protein chips.

(Left) Schematics of the fabrication processes of samples forQDs-based SPCE measurement and (right) sample structure.

SEM images of spherical AuNPs with 12 nm and 25 nm in diameterandAuNRs with size 56 nm (diameter) X 65 nm (length), and TEM imageofAu NRs with size 8 nm (diameter) X 42 nm (length).

Absorption spectra of different sizes and shapes ofAu NPs. The surface Plasmon peaks are 52C nm for 12 nm Au NPs, 523 nm for25 nm AuNPs, 568 nm forAu NRs with size 56 nm (diameter) X 65 nm (length), and 529 nm (transverse mode) and 721 nm (longitudinal mode) forAu NRs with size 8 nm (diame- ter) X 42 nm (length). D infigurestands fordiameter, and L stands forlength.

PL spectra of QDS measured in SPCE in present ofAu NPs with different size and shape. D in figure stands for diameter, and L stands forlength.

The PL ofQDs measured in SPCE with thickness variation of PAH/PSS bilayers.The thickness of 13. 6.7 9 and 12 PAH/PSS bilavers were corresnondino to 3.6 nm 10.8 nm 21.6nm 25.2 nm 32.4 nm

The relation of enhancement factor and thickness of PAH/PSS bilayers. Here, the enhancement factor was calculated by using byusing integrated PLintensity ofQDsin present ofAu NPsdivided by that of QDs in absent of Au NPs. The thickness of1,3,6,7,9, and 12 PAH/PSS bilayers were corresponding to 3.6 nm, 10.8 nm, 21.6 nm. 25.2 nm, 32.4nm, and 43.2nm, respectively.