서지주요정보
Quantum control in two-dimensional fourier transform optical spectroscopy = 이차원 푸리에 변환 분광학에서의 양자 제어
서명 / 저자 Quantum control in two-dimensional fourier transform optical spectroscopy = 이차원 푸리에 변환 분광학에서의 양자 제어 / Jong-Seok Lim.
발행사항 [대전 : 한국과학기술원, 2011].
Online Access 원문보기 원문인쇄

소장정보

등록번호

8022892

소장위치/청구기호

학술문화관(문화관)B1층 보존서고

DPH 11020

휴대폰 전송

도서상태

이용가능(대출불가)

사유안내

반납예정일

리뷰정보

초록정보

The ability of controlling the evolution of quantum systems by applying interaction with shaped laser pulse, known as coherent control or quantum control, has attracted significant interest in many fields of researches over the last two decades. Coherent control has been applied to photo-induced selective chemical reaction processes, controlling the direction of electron motions in semiconductors, multi-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy, and the optimization of nonlinear light-matter interactions. Quantum systems subjected to control have been ranged from atoms and molecules to semiconductors and biological samples. Especially, great efforts have been devoted to managing the transition probabilities between quantum states in atomic systems. Previous transition probability controls are mostly restricted to a ladder-type system. The controlled transition in a ladder-type system is readily monitored by detecting the fluorescence decay from a target excited state. On the other hand, the two-photon transition between the excited states in a V -type quantum system is not straightforward to measure, and thus has been difficult to control. It is because the state population of the target excited state is coherently mixed with the dominant one-photon transition population from the ground state. This difficulty is overcome, in this thesis, with the combined use of two-dimensional Fourier-transform optical spectroscopy and a coherent control technique. In this thesis, we present a new method that harnesses coherent control capability to two-dimensional Fourier-transform optical spectroscopy. For this, three ultrashort laser pulses are individually shaped to prepare and control the quantum interference involved in two-photon inter-excited state transitions of a V -type quantum system. In experiments performed with atomic rubidium, quantum control for enhancement and annihilation of 5P1/2 -> 5P3/2 transition is successfully tested, where the engineered transitions are distinguishably extracted in the presence of dominant one-photon transitions. Experiments for quantum interference engineering have revealed that the target transition strength is tripled in spectral phase-shaping, and enhanced by 60% in spectral amplitude shaping. Also, we show that the conventional coherent transients in a simple two-level system is mimicked by two-photon coherent control in a V -type three-level system. Here, higher order chirps of a shaped laser pulse play the roles of time and linear chirp in coherent transients. In a three-pulse coherent control experiment of atomic rubidium, the phase and amplitude of controlled transition probability is retrieved from a 2D Fourier-transform spectral peak. Finally, we propose the application of the novel coherent control technique or advanced two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy to semiconductor quantum well systems. For this, we have considered semiconductor heterostructures made of III-V compounds for the V -type three-level systems along with numerical calculations. It is hoped that the devised coherent control for excited-state transitions become useful in untangle the unknown nature of chemical and biological reaction processes. Keywords: coherent control, 2D Fourier transform optical spectroscopy, inter-excited state transition, two-photon transition, rubidium atom

자연현상을 관찰하고 논리적으로 인식하는 것을 목적으로 하는 물리학에서, 양자상태함수를 준비하고 프로그램된 방향으로 전개, 그리고 측정을 통해 자연법칙을 이해하는 활동은 물리학을 연구하는 사람들의 근본적인 연구방법이다. 따라서 원자, 분자, 또는 반도체 등 다양한 양자계에서 만들어지는 양자상태를 이루는 전자를 재단된 광자로 조정하는 양자제어기술은 제안됨과 동시에 집중적 관심속에 활발한 연구가 이루어져 왔다. 또한, 양자계의 결맞음을 이용하여 양자함수를 이루는 상태함수들 사이의 연결법칙을 직접적으로 보여주는 이차원 푸리에 분광학은 양자계, 나아가 자연현상을 이해하고자 하는 물리학에서 전도유망한 혁신적인 도구로 관심을 모으고 있다. 이차원 푸리에 분광학의 기본 도구로 사용되는 펨토초 레이저는 시간상에서 매우 짧은 시간폭을 갖는 장점을 통해 피코초 시간 수준에서 이뤄지는 분자, 반도체, 그리고 생물질의 동역학을 관찰하는데 사용되고 있다. 하지만, 펨토초 레이저가 가지는 또다른 장점인 넓은 스펙트럼을 이용한 양자제어기술은 사용되지 않았다. 이 논문에서는 이차원 푸리에 분광학과 양자제어기술의 접목을 통해 얻게 되는 강력한 장점에 대해 서술하였다. 발전된 이차원 푸리에 분광학의 관점에서 보자면, 양자계를 이루는 여러 상태함수 중 특정 상태함수를 여기시키는 준비과정을 통해 복잡한 과정을 단순화하여 볼 수 있으며, 재단된 펨토초 레이저를 통해 상태함수간 연결세기를 조절할 수 있음을 알칼리 원자(루비듐)에 적용하여 실험적으로 보였다. 양자제어기술의 발전 관점에서 보면, 기존 방식으로는 측정의 어려움으로 인하여 연구가 진행되지 못하던 V-형 양자계에서 양자함수의 변화를 주도하는 1차 천이속에서 여기상태함수간의 2차 천이를 성공적으로 양자제어함과 동시에 측정할 수 있음을 보였다. 이 과정에서 천이의 절대값만이 아니라, 양자물리에서 매우 중요한 요소인 위상의 직접적인 측정도 가능함을 보였다. 더 나아가, V-형 양자계에서 여기상태함수간의 2차 천이는 재단된 펨토초 레이저의 위상이 미분된 형태로 정리되어 2레벨 양자계에서 보여지는 결맞는 과도 현상으로 해석됨을 보였다. 본 논문을 통해 단순화된 모델인 알칼리 원자에서 시연된 이차원 푸리에 변환 양자 제어 분광학을 이용하여, 반도체 V-형 양자계, 더 나아가 다단레벨구조 양자계에서의 양자제어를 통해 다중양자제어 등 양자전산으로의 응용을 기대하고 있다. 또한 복잡한 구조를 갖는 분자 또는 박테리아와 같은 생물질, 광합성 물질 등에서 복잡한 연결 과정을 단순화하고 조절하는 기술을 통해, 더 깊은 이해에 필요한 정보를 얻음으로써 분자동역학, 생물질의 연결구조, 그리고 효과적인 광합성 방식을 이해하고 얻을 수 있으리라 기대한다.

서지기타정보

서지기타정보
청구기호 {DPH 11020
형태사항 viii, 78 p. : 삽화 ; 30 cm
언어 영어
일반주기 저자명의 한글표기 : 임종석
지도교수의 영문표기 : Jae-Wook Ahn
지도교수의 한글표기 : 안재욱
학위논문 학위논문(박사) - 한국과학기술원 : 물리학과,
서지주기 References : p.67-72
QR CODE

책소개

전체보기

목차

전체보기

이 주제의 인기대출도서

Quantum coherent control influencing the evolution ofa wavefunction. The system's initial wavefunction bi evolves to a coherent superposition ofthe all possible final states under theinfluence of the control-free Hamiltonian H.. On the other hand, with an externally controlled term added to the Hamiltonian, for example, the interaction with a control laser pulse (electric field) in our case, the w

Schematic of femtosecond pulse shaping in frequency domain with spatial light modulator. Gratings and lenses are arranged in a 4fconfiguration. The pulse shaping procedure is described in the text. [32]

(a) AOPDF top view. The output beam is diffracted by 1 degree from the input beam, in the 90-degree-rotated linear polarization. (b) Schematic of AOPDF. Mode 1 in fast ordinary axis and mode 2 in slow extraordinary axis, are coupled by acousto-optic interaction when the phase matching condition is satisfied. [38]

Synthesis of the pulse shaping function parameters of the acoustic wave. Acoustic wave parameters are categorized into amplitude shaping and phase shaping parts. The frequency domain acoustic wave is Fourier transformed to the time domain signal and applied to the acousto-optic medium via a transducer.

Experimental setup of adaptive coherent control. A SLM or femtosecond pulse shaper i. used to shape the pulse with a help offeedback signal and closed-loop learning algorithm. The learnin algorithm iteratively finds optimum pulses for different types of experiments.

(a) Drawing of the MLCT chromophore [Ru(dpb)3]2+. (b) Normalized absorption (dashed line) and emission spectra (solid line) collected for the molecule dissolved in methanol at 298 K. (c) The schematic ofthe control methodology where multiphoton absorption ofashaped 800 nm laser pulse excites the MLCT band, and emission from the lower energy 3MLCT state accessed via nonradiative 1 relaxation is use

Experimental results of adaptive control on [Ru(dpb)3]PF6)2. Solid circles are for maxi- mization and open circles are for minimization of the ratio excitation/SHG. [43]

Energy level diagram ofa resonant TPA in Rb. The frequencies ofthe 5S-5P (Wig) and 5P- 5D (Wfi) resonant transitions correspond to 780.2 nm and 776.0 nm, respectively. The pulse spectrum is centered on the two-photon transition frequency (Wfg/2) at 778.1 nm, with a bandwidth of Aw = 18nm (FWHM). The excited atoms spontaneously decay to the ground level through the 6P, emitting a fluorescence signa

Experimental and calculated results performed on resonant two-photon transition in Rl atom. (a) Schematic expression oftested scheme: spectral components ofthe pulse was blocked symmet- rically around wfg/2 by an adjustable slit. (b) The transmitted power of the pulse (diamonds) and the experimental results of detected fluorescence (circles) and calculated transition(line). The two-photoi transiti

Excitation scheme of rubidium. T is the pump-probe delay. [46]

(a) Calculation results ofexcited transient population with unshaped (in amplitude) chirped pump pulse (black line) and with hole-shaped (in amplitude) in time domain chirped pulse (solid gray line) as the inset. The amount ofchirp is same for both pulses. (b) Experimental results of excited state population (dots) and numerical calculation (line) with the pulse hole-shaped chirped pulse, with o``

(a) Energy diagram ofa V-type three-level system with one ground state lg> and two excited states la> and lb>· The transition energies of la> and |6> from lg> are hwa and hwb, respectively. The transition between la> and 16> via Ig> is presented by a red line and transition between 16> and lg> by a blue line. (b) 2D Fourier transformed spectra S(w1,(22· The peak positions contain the transition pa

Probability amplitude coefficients of Ib> are sorted in accordance with the phase dependence on inter-pulse delays. 1b> in Eq. (3.37) can be retrieved from this table: for example, the coefficient of fourth line,Qag302) (1) times phase dependence , on T1, e(Aubg-Aceg)7 times phase dependence on T2, unity, equals Qag 362)e*(wobg-Aeag)n (1)

Peaks of 2D Fourier transform plane of I(b)27) state population coefficients (left part). Row and column are Fourier transform of11 and T2 respectively, and categorized with the coefficients of T1 and T2. This table directly map the dependence of peak values of 2D-FT spectra on the three pulse transitions. For example, the peak at (Awag, AWbg) represents the quantum interference between lg> →la> →

Peaks of 2D Fourier transform plane of K(0107)12 state population coefficients (right part). Row and column are Fourier transform of T1 and T2 respectively, and categorized with the coefficients of T1 and T2. This table directly map the dependence of peak values of 2D-FT spectra on the three pulse transitions. For example, the peak at (Awag, Awbg) represents the quantum interference between lg> →

(a) Schematic representation of the experimental setup. (b) Pulse shapingscheme. The first pulse had a spectral hole around D2 transition and the second pulse was pulse-shaped in various methods correspond to experimental purposes. The shaped pulse sequence wwas applied to gaseous Rb and the spectrally filtered fluorescence signal was detected with a PMT. [49]

(a) Experimental fluorescence data of2D-FTOS measurement given as a function oftwo time delays, T1 and T2. (b) 2D Fourier-transformed spectrum S(W1, W2) obtained from the time domain data (a). (c) Fluorescence signal decayed from 16> for the three pulses described in the text. (d) 2D Fourier spectrum of(c).

(a) Schematic diagram of the pulse shaping scenario. The first pulse has a spectral hole around D2 transition and the second pulse is pulse-shaped to control the inter-excited state transition. The third pulse is unshaped. The three pulses are applied to gaseous Rb atom and the fluorescence signal is detected with a PMT. Depending on the chirp sign, the sequence ofD1 and D2 transitions is time-rev

Numerical calculation results of 2D Fourier transform spectra, S(w1,W2), for the linearly chirped second pulses of the two different chirp coefficients: (a) -1x103 fs2, and (b) 1x 103 fs2. The peak at (Wag - wo,Wbg - wo) denotes the the controlled transition la> → lb>.

Experimental results of 2D FT spectra S(w1, w2) for shaped pulses with the five different chirp coefficients: (a)-1x103 fs2, (b) -5x102 fs2, (c) zero, (d) 5x 102 fs2, and (e) 1x103 fs2. Thepeaks at (Wag-Wo,Wbg -wo) are marked by white arrows which represent the target two-photon process, 5P1/2 → 5P3/2· (f) Extracted peak amplitudes at (Wag -wo,Ubg - wo) plotted as a function ofchirp ofthe second (

(a)-(c) Experimental results of 2D Fourier transformed spectra S(w1,(J2) in contour map representation for linear chirp values of (a) -1000 fs2, (b) zero, and (c) 1000 fs2. The peaks (Wag - W0, Ubg - wo) are marked by black arrows. (d)-(f) The 5S1/2 (blue line), 5P1/2 (dashed line), and 5S3/2 (red line) populations, as well as the field envelope (solid black line), corresponding to (a), (b), and (

(a) Experimental and theoretical results for the quantum interference engineering. Dots: measured transition amplitude absolutes, dashed line: numerical calculation based on Eq. (4.6), solid line: numerical calculation considering the spectrally smeared phase (see the text). Insets: (upper-left) the phase diagram for the three transition components in Eq. (4.7), (lower-right) the laser spectrum wi

Coherent enhancement experiment of the 5P1/2 → 5P3/2 transition of Rb by spectral am- plitude shaping. The measured transition probability amplitudes, normalized to the full spectrum limit (dots), are plotted along with the calculated data (darkline) as a function ofthe cutoff wavelength. The laser spectrum is shown in gray line. The inset illustrates the spectral shape used in the experiment. The

Calculated transition probability amplitude from la> to 16> via an intermediate state Ig> using the Eq. (5.23): (a) is the resonant part (the first term), and (b) the nonresonant part (the second term).

(a) Numerical calculation of lcba(2) plotted as a function oflinear and quadratic chirps. (b) Extracted amplitudes of(Wag-wo,Wbg- wo) peaks of2D Fourier transformed spectra (experimented for the white rectangular area in (a); interpolated twice from 13 X 7 measurements. (c)-(e) Two-photon (2) transition amplitudes (cba drawn in the complex plane as a function of linear chirp, (c) for quadratic chi

(a) Extracted transition probabilities from the experimental 2D-spectra at (Wag-W0,Ubg-wo) peaks (circles) together with the numerical calculations of5Pi/2-5P3/2 transition (lines) as a function of linear chirp for quadratic chirp of the second pulse, (a) -5x104 fs3, (b) -3x104 fs3, (c) -1x104 fs3, (d) 1x104 fs3, (e) 3x104 fs3 (f) 5x104 fs3 and (g) 7x104 fs3. The left panel, sub-labeled with -I, s

Schematic exciton energy diagram ofa localized state and a Wannier-Stark mini-band in a quantum-well superlattice under an external electric Stark field. As the field varies, the mini-band becomes lifted in energy, then, the localized state couples to lower-energy states of the band. For a sufficiently wide window of field strength, the whole parabolic shape of the density of the mini-band states

Excitonic spectra of a 97/17 A superlattice for different bias Stark fields, measured in reflection.

(a) The conventional Fano coupling parameter T (asterisks) and the "bare' coupling parameter Fo (circles) which compensates the effects of the density of continuum states, depicted as a function ofthe Stark field for the hh-1 transition. (b) The Fano shape parameter 9 (asterisks) and the Fano "bare' shape parameter qo (circles).

Fano resonance ofan exciton state with neighboring extended Wannier-Stark states. Between the resonant couplings with the next nearest neighboring WSstatein (I) and with the nearest neighboring WS state in (III), the exciton state resonantly sweeps through the energy interval, having the minimal coupling somewhere in between as in (II). The effective density of states felt by the exciton states as

Bandgap energy and lattice constant of various III-V compounds at room temperature (adopted from Tien 1988).

(a) Band diagram ofthe double-quantum well structure and the energies ofthe bound states. Band diagrams are shown in black (valence band) and gray (conduction band) lines, and the excited states energies in pink (narrower well) and orange (wider well). Green line is the Fermi energy. (b) Band diagram with wavefunctions of the bound states.

Band diagram ofthe newly designed double-quantum well structure forming a V-type quan- tum system and the wavefunctions of one ground state and two excited states.

Band edges as a function oflattice constant ofvarious III-V compounds at room temperature, relative to Fermi level ofgold Schottky contact (after Tiwari and Frank, 1992).