A commercially available alginic acid sodium salt (low viscosity, derived from Macrocystis pyrifera) was used for polymeric surfactant synthesis. Sodium alginate solution (3% w/v, 200ml H$_2$O+50ml 1-propanol) was mixed after adding periodate (30% oxidation degree of the uronic acid units, 1.908g) in the dark condition for 24hr at room temperature. The ethylene glycol (5ml) was added to decompose the unreacted periodate. At the last step, the reaction mixture was poured with stirring into ethanol (95%, 2l) and precipitate was collected by centrifugation, washed with ethanol, and dried. By controlling the amount of oxidant used, a various degree of product oxidized was obtained (10%-CHO~50%-CHO), and these five different 2,3-dialdehydic alginates, which were used as starting materials for synthesizing APSs. To a solution of 0.404g (about 2mmol) of 30% oxidized 2,3-dialdehydic alginate (30%-CHO) dissolved in 20ml of phosphate buffer pH 7 was added 0.092g of $NaCNBH_3$. The solution was mixed with 10ml of methanol containing C8-$NH_2$ (octyl amine), C12-$NH_2$ (dodecyl amine) or C16-NH2 (hexadecyl amine). The reaction molar ratio of alkyl amine to aldehyde on oxidized alginate was 5~7. The reductive amination was proceeded for 12hr with stirring at room temperature, and then the modified polymer was precipitated with two volumes of ethanol in the presence of NaCl (up to 10 g/l), centrifugated, successively washed with ethanol and dried. The final products of the above procedure were 30% CHO-C8, 30% CHO-C12, and 30% CHO-C16 APS. The synthesized 30% CHO-C12 APS formed colloidally stable self-aggregates (mean diameter of ca. 220nm) with a unimodal size distribution. The micelles of APSs have the properties such as surface activity and solubilization like monomeric micelles. In the case of 40% CHO-C8 APS, the lowest interfacial tension, 31.5 mN $m^{-1}$, was obtained at the CMC value of 1.35 g $L^{-1}$. From the basic tests of the chemically modified alginate, it was observed that APSs could solubilize azobenzene well and adsorb cobalt, in comparison to those of parent alginate. The Co uptake described by Langmuir adsorption isotherm was about 1.96 mmol $g^{-1}$ at an initial pH 5. From IR analysis, it was confirmed that cobalt and lead binding arises from bridging or bidentate complex formation with the carboxyl groups of the APS. Major mechanism of the heavy metal removal was the complex of metal with carboxyl group. By a fungi resistance test, it was confirmed that the APSs would be attacked by a soil microorganism, Aspergillus niger. It seemed that these synthesized APSs could be useful for enhancing removal of mixed-waste contaminants from subsurface systems. The batch sea sand washing as a preliminary test showed that cobalt removals for the Co-Phenanthrene-sand experiments were between 62~98%. Phenanthrene removals by APS were 30~100%, but removal efficiencies of water and sodium alginate were about 7~17%. Applications of APSs in environmental remediation processes may be developed based on their low toxicity, biodegradability, metal chelating ability, and surface active property. As a result of solubilization of crystalline phenanthrene, Micelle-Water Partitioning Coefficients (K$_m$) of Phenanthrene for APSs were calculated. The maximum value of K$_m$, 11.97 L $g^{-1}$ showed in 50% CHO-C12 APS. The CMC of APS was not readily affected by ionic strength at the operating pH 3 and 7. The surface tension value with soil I / II was a little higher than that without soil, because some of APS was slightly adsorbed onto the soil surface. To perform the feasibility test using the artificially contaminated soil, the test soils were contaminated with mixed waste such as Pb-Phenanthrene and Co-Phenanthrene. The solubilization of phenanthrene and desorption of lead /cobalt were affected by the concentration of APS, the substitution ratio of alkyl group, and the kinds of alkyl group. However, APS dosage of 3 g $L^{-1}$ was chosen as the optimum condition in the respect of economics. The efficiency of phenanthrene solubilization at pH 3 and 7 was decreased in a following order, sea sand 100-140 mesh > soil I > soil II. This difference derives from different organic content of uncontaminated soils. This study indicated that the chemically modified alginate, APSs could be used as an efficient washing agent for the simultaneous removal of heavy metals and solubilization of organic materials from contaminated media.
