서지주요정보
(A) study on WAVE antenna with omnidirectional beam patterns for V2X communication = V2X 통신을 위한 전방향 빔 패턴을 갖는 WAVE 안테나 연구
서명 / 저자 (A) study on WAVE antenna with omnidirectional beam patterns for V2X communication = V2X 통신을 위한 전방향 빔 패턴을 갖는 WAVE 안테나 연구 / Hong-chan Kim.
발행사항 [대전 : 한국과학기술원, 2023].
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Traditional sensor-based recognition technologies used in automobiles are limited in obtaining environmental information through sensors when automobiles are climbing a high hill or in foggy weather. In order to overcome these limitations, researches on cooperative intelligent transportation systems (C-ITS) that can collect and share traffic conditions even with invisible places through vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications are being actively conducted. The most important advantage of C-ITS is that it can prevent accidents and reduce congestion. There are two communication systems supporting V2V and V2I communications, such as wireless access in vehicular environment (WAVE) and cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X). Although C-V2X technology includes the long-term evolution (LTE) band, it uses WAVE band 5.85~5.925 GHz. The WAVE antenna used in automobiles is usually located on the roof of the vehicle and is placed in a small module along with several other antennas used for different purposes. Therefore, the small antenna module installed on the roof of a vehicle should contain GPS (Global Positioning System), LTE, WiFi, Frequency Modulation (FM) / Amplitude Modulation (AM), and two WAVE antennas. The most important characteristics of the WAVE antenna is that it must be small enough in order to minimize interference with other antennas. And since communication must be seamless no matter where the vehicle is located, it must have a high gain while forming an omnidirectional beam pattern without null areas. In general, the smaller the size of the antenna is and the lower the height is, the more null area in which the gain of the antenna is rapidly reduced occurs. Previous studies tried to improve performance such as a beam pattern and gain by increasing the electrical length of current with changing the radiator of an antenna, such as a modified dipole structure or collinear structure. However, since the height of the WAVE antenna is still high, it is difficult to simultaneously implement the FM/AM antenna and two WAVE antennas in the vehicle antenna module. In this dissertation, the gain change of the antenna is examined when the EBG structure is inserted into the existing micro-strip array antenna. This is because if the gain of the antenna is high, the radius of V2X communication can be expanded. In order to increase the gain of the antenna, a 1×4 linear array structure was used as a basic structure. In order to form an omnidirectional beam pattern through one microstrip array antenna, the ground under the patch was removed and the ground was designed to be located only between the patches. To suppress the radiation of surface waves from the ground plane and vehicle, EBG cells were inserted between micro-strip patch arrays. Several simulations were performed to determine the optimum EBG cell structure located above the ground plane in a conformal linear micro-strip patch array antenna. The characteristics such as return loss, peak gain, and radiation patterns obtained using the fabricated EBG cellembedded antenna were superior compared to those obtained without the EBG cells. A return loss of 35.14 dB, peak gain of 10.15 dBi at 80°, and improvement of 2.037 dB maximum for the field of view in the radiation beam patterns were obtained using the proposed WAVE antenna. In addition, the performance change of the antenna is examined when the surface current density is increased by forming a closed loop in the surface current flowing on the ground plane of the monopole antenna. This is because a small and low-profile WAVE antenna can be implemented if the performance can be improved by changing the image current part of the monopole antenna, unlike the previous methods in which the performance has been improved by changing the radiator part of the antenna. Through this method, it is possible to simultaneously implement FM/AM and two WAVE antennas in the vehicle antenna module, thereby reducing manufacturing cost. In the vehicle antenna module environment where the size of the ground plane is small, by forming a closed loop on a monopole antenna, we tried to improve the characteristics of the antenna, such as gain, radiation beam pattern, and return loss. Single, dual, and quadruple closed-loop devices were introduced into the monopole antenna, and their surface current density and radiation beam patterns were analyzed by using the high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) and computer simulation technology (CST) programs. As the closed-loop devices reflected the signal radiated from the antenna, the distribution of the surface current was concentrated around the monopole due to the creation of a closed-loop surface current path, which increased the gain value. The average gain was considerably increased by introducing closed-loop devices. The proposed antenna has an average gain of 1.57 dBi and a peak gain of 6.29 dBi at the operating frequency. Furthermore, omnidirectional beam patterns with a beam width of 359° were obtained by introducing four closed-loop devices into the monopole antenna, which eliminated nearly all null points in the frequency range of 5.85-5.925 GHz.

차량에 사용되는 기존의 센서 기반 인식 기술은 높은 언덕을 넘거나 안개가 짙은 날씨에서는 센서를 통해 환경 정보를 얻는데 제한적이다. 이러한 한계를 극복하고자 차량과 차량, 차량과 도로 간 통신으로 보이지 않는 곳까지 교통상황을 수집하고 공유할 수 있는 협력 지능형 교통 체계에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행 중이다. 협력 지능형 교통 체계 서비스를 통해 사고예방 및 정체현상 감소 등이 가능하기 때문이다. 차량과 차량, 차량과 도로 간 통신을 지원하는 V2X 무선통신기술로 WAVE 방식과 C-V2X 방식이 있다. C-V2X 방식에는 LTE 대역이 포함되어 있기는 하지만, 2가지 방식 모두 5.85 ~ 5.925 GHz 대역의 WAVE 통신을 사용한다. WAVE 안테나는 일반적으로 차량의 지붕에 위치하며, 여러 개의 다른 용도로 사용되는 안테나들과 함께 작은 모듈 내에 위치하게 된다. 즉, 차량의 지붕에 설치된 작은 모듈 내에 GPS, LTE, WiFi, FM/AM, 그리고 2개의 WAVE 안테나를 동시에 구현할 필요가 있다. WAVE 안테나의 주요 특징은 다른 안테나와의 간섭을 최대한 줄이기 위해서 크기가 작아야 하며, 차량이 어떠한 위치에 있더라도 통신의 끊김이 없어야 하기 때문에 음영지역이 없는 전 방향의 빔 패턴을 형성하면서 이득 또한 높아야 한다. 일반적으로 안테나의 크기가 작아지고 높이가 낮아지면 안테나의 이득이 급격히 떨어지는 음영지역이 발생하게 된다. 그간의 연구에서는 수정된 다이폴 구조 또는 collinear 구조 등 안테나의 방사체를 변화시켜 전류의 전기적인 길이를 늘려줌으로써 빔 패턴 및 이득 등의 성능을 향상시켜왔다. 그러나 여전히 WAVE 안테나의 높이가 높기 때문에 FM/AM 안테나와 2개의 WAVE 안테나를 차량용 안테나 모듈 내에 동시에 구현하는데 어려움이 있다. 본 학위논문에서는 기존의 마이크로스트립 배열 안테나에 EBG 구조를 삽입하였을 때 안테나의 이득 변화를 고찰하고자 한다. 안테나의 이득이 높으면 V2X 통신의 반경을 넓힐 수 있기 때문이다. 안테나의 이득을 높이기 위하여 1×4 선형 어레이 구조를 기본 구조로 하였다. 하나의 마이크로스트립 어레이 안테나를 통하여 전 방향의 빔 패턴을 형성하기 위하여 패치 아래 부분의 그라운드는 제거하고, 패치 사이 부분에만 그라운드가 위치하도록 설계하였다. 그리고 마이크로스트립 안테나에서 발생하는 표면파를 줄이기 위해서 패치 사이에 위치한 그라운드 위에 EBG 구조를 삽입하였으며, 최적의 EBG 구조를 찾기 위한 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. 제작된 안테나를 통한 실험에서 EBG 구조가 삽입된 안테나가 EBG 구조가 없는 일반적인 안테나에 비해 반사 손실, 최대 이득, 방사 패턴 등의 특성이 더 우수한 것을 확인하였다. 반사 손실은 35.14 dB, 최대 이득은 10.15 dBi 값을 보였으며, EBG 구조가 없는 경우에 비해 EBG 구조를 삽입하면 최대 2.037 dB의 FOV가 향상되는 것을 확인하였다. 또한, 모노폴 안테나의 접지면에 흐르는 표면 전류에 폐루프를 형성하여 표면 전류 밀도를 높였을 때 안테나의 성능 변화를 고찰하고자 한다. 안테나의 방사체 부분을 변화시켜 성능을 향상시켜 왔던 앞선 방식들과 다르게 모노폴 안테나의 가상 전류 부분을 변화시켜 성능을 향상시킬 수 있다면, 작고 높이가 낮은 WAVE 안테나를 구현할 수 있기 때문이다. 이를 통해, 차량용 안테나 모듈 내에 FM/AM 및 2개의 WAVE 안테나를 동시에 구현할 수 있어서 비용을 절감할 수 있다. 접지면의 크기가 작은 차량용 안테나 모듈 환경에서, 모노폴 안테나에 폐루프를 형성해줌으로써 안테나의 이득, 빔 패턴, 반사 손실 등의 특성 변화를 다루고자 한다. 모노폴 안테나에 폐루프를 한 개, 두 개, 네 개를 추가하였을 때 표면 전류 밀도 변화와 방사 패턴의 변화를 살펴보았다. 폐루프는 안테나에서 방사되는 신호를 반대 방향으로 반사해주는 역할을 하며, 표면 전류에 폐루프를 형성해줌으로써 모노폴 근처에 표면 전류 밀도를 높여주는 역할을 해준다. 이로 인해 안테나의 평균 이득이 높아지는 것을 확인하였다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 네 개의 폐루프를 갖는 모노폴 안테나는 평균 이득이 1.57 dBi, 최대 이득이 6.29 dBi 값을 가지며, -17 dB 이하의 반사 손실 값을 갖는다. 그리고, 360도 전 방향의 빔 패턴 특성을 보이며, 특정 방향에서 이득이 급격히 떨어지는 음영 지역이 발생하지 않는 특성을 보인다.

서지기타정보

서지기타정보
청구기호 {DICE 23001
형태사항 viii, 89 p. : 삽도 ; 30 cm
언어 영어
일반주기 저자명의 한글표기 : 김홍찬
지도교수의 영문표기 : Chul Soon Park
지도교수의 한글표기 : 박철순
수록잡지명 : "Design and implementation of electromagnetic band gap embedded antenna for vehicle to everything communications in vehicular systems". ETRI Journal, v. 41, pp. 731-738(2019)
수록잡지명 : "Effects of Closed-Loop Devices on Omnidirectional Beam Patterns Radiated from WAVE Monopole Antennas". MDPI Applied Sciences, v. 12, (2022)
Including appendix
학위논문 학위논문(박사) - 한국과학기술원 : 정보통신공학과,
서지주기 References : p. 85-87
주제 Wireless access for vehicle environment (WAVE)
Vehicular antenna
Monopole antenna
Omnidirectional beam pattern
차량용 안테나
마이크로스트립 안테나
모노폴 안테나
전 방향 빔 패턴
WAVE 안테나
V2X 통신
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이 주제의 인기대출도서

A conceptual diagram of Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems.

Global V2X market outlook. (a) Global V2X market forecast by technology type and (b) Global V2X market outlook by connectivity.

Comparison of V2X communication technologies

WAVE antenna specifications

General vehicular antennas. (a) Pole-type antenna and (b) Shark-fin type antenna.

(a) Bidirectional patch antenna [12], (b) Image installed in the front window of the vehicle [12], and (c) Configuration of main WAVE antenna on the roof and front WAVE antenna with compensator [9].

A planar inverted F-antenna (PIFA). (a) A schematic of the PIFA antenna, (b) Design parameters, and (c) Return loss values.

A 3D modeling of the SUV vehicle

Simulation Results. (a) Vertical radiation patterns, (b) Horizontal radiation patterns, and (c) 3D radiation patterns.

(a) Low-profile circular patch antenna [14], (b) Horizontal radiation patterns, and (c) Vertical radiation patterns.

Comparison of four WAVE antennas [15].

A modified dipole WAVE antenna [17]. (a) A structure of WAVE antenna and (b) 2D radiation gains.

A collinear array WAVE antenna using phase reversal section through the reverse vias [18].

A collinear array WAVE antenna using phase reversal section through the meandered line [19].

Comparison of WAVE antenna's characteristics

Radiations from an antenna. (a) Electromagnetic fields and (b) Radiations from an antenna.

A spherical co-ordinate system for a Hertzian dipole.

(a) Micro-strip patch antenna, (b) Charge distribution and current density creation on micro-strip patch, and (c) Equivalent current densities on four sides of micro-strip patch.

Micro-strip patch antenna. (a) Current distribution on radiating slots and (b) Current distribution on non-radiating slots [23].

A structure of planar array antenna.

(a) Current distributions on linear dipole and (b) A finite dipole geometry.

Quarter wavelength monopole. (a) 1/4 monopole on infinite perfect electric conductor, (b) Equivalent of 1/4 monopole using image theory, (c) Equivalent of 1/2 dipole, and (d) Radial components of monopole.

Schematics of (a) a dipole antenna, (b) vertical beam patterns, and (c) horizontal beam patterns.

Schematics of a (a) conventional and (b) improved conventional micro-strip antenna for WAVE communication system.

Schematics of cross-sectional view of (a) proposed EBG cell-embedded antenna and (b) magnified view of unit EBG-embedded antenna structure.

Space and surface waves radiated from (a) conventional antenna structure and (b) proposed EBG cell-embedded antenna structure.

(a) Schematic of EBG cells with dimensions, (b) EBG parameters, (c) LC model for mushroom-like EBG structure, and Schematics of antenna structures (d) without EBG cell, (e)4 x7 (w : 2 mm, g=0.2 mm), (f) 6x 10 (w : 1 mm, g=0.5 mm), (g) 8x15 (w = 1 mm, g=0.1 mm), (h) 14x26 (w = 0.5 mm, g=0.1 mm), (i) 14x28 (w = 0.5 mm, g=0.05 mm).

(a) Schematic of model 1 (4x7 EBG cells, Width=2 mm, gap=0.2 mm), (b) Return loss of model 1, and (c) Radiation pattern of model 1.

(a) Schematic of model2 (6x 10 EBG cells, Width=1 mm, gap=0.5 mm), (b) Return loss of model 2, and (c) Radiation pattern of model 2.

(a) Schematic of model 3 (8x15 EBG cells, Width=1 mm, gap=0.1 mm), (b) Return loss of model 3, and (c) Radiation pattern of model 3.

(a) Schematic of model 4 (14x26 EBG cells, Width=0.5 mm, gap=0.1 mm), (b) Return loss of model 4, and (c) Radiation pattern of model 4.

(a) Schematic of model 5 (14x28 EBG cells, Width=0.5 mm, gap=0.05 mm), (b) Return loss of model 5, and (c) Radiation pattern of model 5.

Comparison of return loss between conventional model and EBG model.

Comparison of VSWR between conventional model and EBG model.

(a) Schematic of proposed EBG cell-embedded antenna used in the measurement and (b) Photo image of one of the fabricated proposed antennas (model 3).

(a) Measurement environment and (b) magnified photo image of measurement setup of fabricated EBG cell-embedded antenna.

Simulation and measurement results of return loss of the proposed antenna as a function offrequency with different sizes of W and g. The measurement was performed using the structure shown in Figure 3.5 (g).

Simulation results of the radiated electric field pattern of the (a) conventional antenna (without EBG cell) and (b) EBG cells-embedded antenna structure.

Simulation results of the peak gain (a) conventional antenna (without EBG cell), (b) 4 X 7 EBG model 1, (c) 6 X 10 EBG model 2, (d) 8 X 15 EBG model 3, (e) 14 X 26 EBG model 4, and (f) 14 X 28 EBG model 5.

Comparison of Si1, peak gain, and efficiency obtained in simulation and measurement with and without EBG cells

(a) Simulation and measurement results of radiation beam patterns obtained from antennas without EBG and with EBG cells and (b) measurement results of radiation peak gain obtained from the proposed EBG cell-embedded antenna.

Monopole antennas with closed-loop devices. (a) Monopole only, (b) Monopole with one closed-loop device, (c) Monopole with two closed-loop devices, and (d) Monopole with four closed-loop devices.

Frequency changes of monopole antennas with closed-loop devices.

VSWR changes of monopole antennas with closed-loop devices.

Surface current distribution obtained from (a) Monopole-only WAVE antenna, (b) Single, (c) Dual, and (d) Quadruple closed-loop devices with monopole WAVE antenna.

Radiated beam patterns obtained from a monopole-only WAVE antenna on the 400 mm ground plane at 5.85 GHz. (a) 3-dimension (3D) patterns, (b) 2-dimension (2D) patterns at theta : 90',(c) 2D patterns at theta = 85:, and (d) 2D patterns at theta = 80'.

Radiated beam patterns obtained from one closed-loop device with WAVE antenna on the 400 mm ground plane at 5.85 GHz. (a) 3D patterns, (b) 2D patterns at theta : 90%, (c) 2D patterns at theta = 85', and (d) 2D patterns at theta : 80'. Red circle denote the region where gain was improved by introducing closed-loop device.

Radiated beam patterns obtained from two closed-loop devices with WAVE antenna on the 400 mm ground plane at 5.85 GHz. (a) 3D patterns, (b) 2D patterns at theta : 90', (c) 2D patterns at theta = 85', and (d) 2D patterns at theta = 80'.

Radiated beam patterns obtained from four closed-loop devices with WAVE antenna on the 400 mm ground plane at 5.85 GHz. (a) 3D patterns, (b) 2D patterns at theta = 90%, (c) 2D patterns at theta = 85', and (d) 2D patterns at theta = 80'.

Comparisons ofradiated beam patterns obtained from theproposed WAVE antenna on the 400 mm ground plane at 5.85 GHz. (a) 2D patterns at theta = 90*, (b) 2D patterns at theta = 85', and (c) 2D patterns at theta = 80'.

Comparison of WAVE antenna's radiation pattern changes at 5.85 GHz

Radiated beam patterns obtained from a monopole-only WAVE antenna on the 400 mm ground plane at 5.925 GHz. (a) 3D patterns, (b) 2D patterns at theta = 90*, (c) 2D patterns at theta = 85', and (d) 2D patterns at theta = 80%.

Radiated beam patterns obtained from one closed-loop device with WAVE antenna on the 400 mm ground plane at 5.925 GHz. (a) 3D patterns, (b) 2D patterns at theta = 90*, (c) 2D patterns at theta = 85', and (d) 2D patterns at theta = 80'. Red circle denote the region where gain was improved by introducing closed-loop device.

Radiated beam patterns obtained from two closed-loop devices with WAVE antenna on the 400 mm ground plane at 5.925 GHz. (a) 3D patterns, (b) 2D patterns at theta : 90',(c) 2D patterns at theta = 85', and (d) 2D patterns at theta = 80'.

Radiated beam patterns obtained from four closed-loop devices with WAVE antenna on the 400 mm ground plane at 5.925 GHz. (a) 3D patterns, (b) 2D patterns at theta : 90', (c) 2D patterns at theta = 85', and (d) 2D patterns at theta = 80'.

Comparisons of radiated beam patterns obtained from the proposed WAVE antenna on the 400 mm ground plane at 5.925 GHz. (a) 2D patterns at theta = 90', (b) 2D patterns at theta = 85', and (c) 2D patterns at theta : 80'.

Comparison of WAVE antenna's radiation pattern changes at 5.925 GHz

(a) Schematic of the proposed antenna on the Shark-fin's ground plane, (b) single, (c) two, and (d) four closed-loop devices

VSWR values of the proposed antennas.

Return loss values of the proposed antennas.

(a) Surface current and (b) Magnetic field distribution obtained from the monopole WAVE antenna with quadruple closed-loop devices.

Radiated beam patterns obtained from a monopole-only WAVE antenna on the shark-fin ground plane at 5.85 GHz. (a) 3D patterns, (b) 2D patterns at theta = 90', (c) 2D patterns at theta = 85', and (d) 2D patterns at theta = 80'.

Radiated beam patterns obtained from one closed-loop device with WAVE antenna on the shark-fin ground plane at 5.85 GHz. (a) 3D patterns, (b) 2D patterns at theta = 90', (c) 2D patterns at theta = 85', and (d) 2D patterns at theta = 80'.

Radiated beam patterns obtained from two closed-loop devices with WAVE antenna on the shark-fin ground plane at 5.85 GHz. (a) 3D patterns, (b) 2D patterns at theta = 90', (c) 2D patterns at theta = 85%, and (d) 2D patterns at theta = 80'.

Radiated beam patterns obtained from four closed-loop devices with WAVE antenna on the shark-fin ground plane at 5.85 GHz. (a) 3D patterns, (b) 2D patterns at theta = 90*, (c) 2D patterns at theta = 85%, and (d) 2D patterns at theta = 80'.

Comparisons of radiated beam patterns obtained from the proposed WAVE antenna on the shark-fin ground plane at 5.85 GHz. (a) 2D patterns at theta = 90', (b) 2D patterns at theta = 85', and (c) 2D patterns at theta = 80'.

Comparisons of radiated beam patterns obtained from the proposed WAVE antenna on the shark-fin ground plane at 5.925 GHz. (a) 2D patterns at theta = 90', (b) 2D patterns at theta = 85', and (c) 2D patterns at theta = 80'.

(a) The proposed WAVE antenna (reference) and (b) The WAVE antenna with closed-loop devices bent into the D-shape.

VSWR of the proposed WAVE antenna (reference) and the WAVE antenna with closed-loop devices bent into the D-shape.

Return loss of the proposed WAVE antenna (reference) and the WAVE antenna with closed-loop devices bent into the D-shape.

Radiation patterns of the proposed WAVE antenna (reference) and the WAVE antenna with closed-loop devices bent into the D-shape at 5.85 GHz.

Radiation patterns of the proposed WAVE antenna (reference) and the WAVE antenna with closed-loop devices bent into the D-shape at 5.925 GHz.

(a) The proposed WAVE antenna (reference) and (b) The WAVE antenna with rod- shape additional parasitic elements.

Return loss of the proposed WAVE antenna (reference) and the monopole antenna with rod-shape additional parasitic elements

The proposed WAVE antenna with a distance of (a) 0.271 and (b) 0.171 between closed-loop devices.

VSWR ofthe proposed WAVE antenna with a distance of0.271 and 0.171 between closed-loop devices.

Return loss of the proposed WAVE antenna with a distance of 0.271 and 0.171 between closed-loop devices.

Radiation patterns of the proposed WAVE antenna with a distance of 0.271 and 0.171 between closed-loop devices at 5.85 GHz.

Radiation patterns of the proposed WAVE antenna with a distance of 0.271 and 0.171 between closed-loop devices at 5.925 GHz.

The proposed WAVE antenna with a distance of (a) 0.271 and (b) 0.371 between closed-loop devices.

VSWR of the proposed WAVE antenna with a distance of 0.271 and 0.371 between closed-loop devices.

Return loss of the proposed WAVE antenna with a distance of 0.271 and 0.371 between closed-loop devices.

Radiation patterns of the proposed WAVE antenna with a distance of 0.271 and 0.371 between closed-loop devices at 5.85 GHz.

Radiation patterns of the proposed WAVE antenna with a distance of 0.271 and 0.371 between closed-loop devices at 5.925 GHz.

Simulation environment on the shark-fin module.

Comparison of VSWR and return loss on the shark-fin module.

Radiation beam patterns of the dipole antenna

Radiation beam patterns of the proposed antenna

2D null comparison of dipole and proposed antenna

Comparison of simulated 2D null points at 5.85 GHz

Radiation beam patterns of Co-pol

Radiation beam patterns of Cross-pol

Surface current when installed on the shark-fin module. (a) Monopole with quadruple closed-loop devices and (b) Dipole WAVE antenna.

(a) Schematic ofa closed-loop device, (b) Image of the designed monopole WAVE antenna with quadruple closed-loop devices, (c) Image of the fabricated monopole WAVE antenna with quadruple closed-loop devices installed on the shark-fin module, and (d) Dipole WAVE antenna, which was used for characterization.

Characterization results of beam patterns radiated from WAVE antenna with without quadruple closed-loop devices at theta=80c and phi=25..

Characterization results of beam patterns radiated from WAVE antenna with without quadruple closed-loop devices at theta=85 and phi=25..

Characterization results of beam patterns radiated from WAVE antenna with without quadruple closed-loop devices at theta=90t and phi=25..

Comparison of measured 2D null points at 5.85 GHz

Simulated (black color) and measured (red color) return loss of the monopole antenna with quadruple closed-loop devices.

Verification of radiation beam patterns of Co-pol

Verification of radiation beam patterns of Cross-pol

Isolation and ECC characteristics of the monopole antenna with quadruple closed- loop devices.

Comparison of simulated and measured results