서지주요정보
Experimental study of gas contamination impact on aerodynamic heating and force measurements in shock tunnel = 충격파 장치에서 유동 오염이 열/공력 측정에 미치는 영향에 관한 실험적 연구
서명 / 저자 Experimental study of gas contamination impact on aerodynamic heating and force measurements in shock tunnel = 충격파 장치에서 유동 오염이 열/공력 측정에 미치는 영향에 관한 실험적 연구 / Byungkook Jang.
발행사항 [대전 : 한국과학기술원, 2025].
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8043570

소장위치/청구기호

학술문화관(도서관)2층 학위논문

DAE 25010

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Impulse facilities such as shock tunnels are hypersonic ground test facilities capable of compressing test gases to high temperatures and pressures using strong shock waves. The compression method using shock waves can form test flows over a relatively wide range of stagnation temperatures and has minimal flow contamination during the compression process. However, even in shock tunnels, certain factors can degrade the quality of the test flow. The disturbances that can contaminate the flow and measurements in shock tunnel tests can be categorized into physical contamination caused by the diaphragm and chemical contamination due to the driver gas. In this study, an experimental study investigated the measurement and improvement of the two main types of contamination occurring in shock tunnel tests. First, a new double-layer diaphragm with minimal debris generation was developed to mitigate physical flow contamination. The designed diaphragm features a double-layer structure to minimize debris, consisting of polyethylene film pre-cut in eight directions and sealed with copper tape. The effect of diaphragm debris on pressure measurement was analyzed by comparing two types of diaphragms: a thin single-layer diaphragm and the double-layer diaphragm. To analyze the impact of diaphragm debris, shadowgraph flow visualization and pitot pressure measurements were conducted. The experimental results for both diaphragms aligned well with theoretical predictions, and the degree of flow contamination was evaluated by analyzing normalized disturbances, representing fluctuations in pitot pressure measurements. The experimental results confirmed that the double-layer diaphragm effectively reduced debris, improving flow quality. A technique was developed to detect chemical contamination caused by the mixing of driver gas with the test gas. This technique measures the amount of driver gas mixed into the test gas over time using pressure transducer and pressure sensitive paint (PSP). The pressure transducer records the total pressure applied to the transducer regardless of the gas composition, while the PSP detects the partial pressure of oxygen based on the oxygen quenching mechanism. By utilizing the difference between these two measurement techniques and applying Dalton’s law of partial pressures, the mixing ratio of driver gas within the test flow can be determined. In this study, the degree of test gas contamination was measured under two conditions with different incident shock wave Mach numbers, and the effective test time was determined. The effective test time was deduced based on the measured effective test time and the drainage time of the shock tunnel. An experimental study was conducted to investigate the impact of flow contamination on aerodynamic forces in the shock tunnel. An accelerometer-based force balance was designed to measure drag and rolling moment. The balance was calibrated independently for both axial and rotational directions. The drag and rolling moment measured during the effective test time were found to agree with the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis results within the acceptable margin of error. Physical contamination from diaphragm debris induced vibrations and measurement errors, significantly affecting aerodynamic measurements using the dynamic measurement system. However, during the steady pitot pressure, chemical contamination had minimal impact on the aerodynamic forces, which are primarily determined by pressure force. Finally, an experimental study was conducted to investigate the impact of flow contamination on aerodynamic heating measurements in the shock tunnel. Stagnation point heat flux measurements were performed using a hemispherical test model. A fast-response coaxial surface-junction thermocouple was used to measure the heat flux within the short test time of the shock tunnel. Shadowgraph flow visualization techniques were employed to analyze the effects of both physical and chemical contamination on heat flux measurements. The flow visualization results confirmed that physical contamination from diaphragm debris influenced the structure of the shock wave and flow around the test model, thereby affecting the aerodynamic heating measurements. Chemical contamination from the driver gas altered the flow characteristics, increasing the shock stand-off distance and reducing heat flux due to the mixing of cold driver gas. This study categorized test gas contamination in the shock tunnel into physical and chemical contamination and developed methods to mitigate and detect contaminations. Additionally, the impact of flow contamination on both aerodynamic forces and heating was analyzed, providing foundational data for the future application of hypersonic ground test facilities.

충격파 터널과 같은 충격파 시험 장비는 강한 충격파를 이용하여 시험 기체를 고온 고압으로 압축할 수 있는 극초음속 지상 시험 장비이다. 충격파를 이용한 시험 기체 압축은 넓은 범위의 정체 온도 범위의 시험 유동을 효과적으로 형성할 수 있고 압축 과정에서 유동의 오염 또한 적다. 하지만, 이러한 충격파 터널에서도 시험 유동의 품질을 저해하는 요인이 존재한다. 충격파 터널 시험에서 유동 및 측정을 오염시킬 수 있는 교란 요인은 크게 격막 파편에 의한 물리적인 오염과 구동 기체에 의한 화학적 오염으로 나눌 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 충격파 시험 장비에서 발생하는 두 가지 주요 오염을 감소시키고 감지할 수 있는 기법을 개발하고 유동 오염이 공력과 공력가열 측정에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 먼저, 물리적인 유동 오염에 개선을 위해 파편이 거의 발생하지 않는 격막을 개발하였다. 개발된 격막은 이중층 구조로 8방향으로 미리 절단된 폴리에틸렌 필름을 구리 테이프로 마감하여 격막의 잔해를 최소화하였다. 격막 잔해로 인한 교란이 압력 측정에 미치는 영향을 매우 얇은 단일층 격막과 이중층 격막 두 가지 유형을 비교하여 분석하였다. 격막의 잔해의 영향을 확인하기 위하여 쉐도우 그래프 유동 가시화와 피토 압력 측정이 수행되었다. 두 격막에 대한 압력 측정 결과는 이론적 예측과 잘 일치하였으며, 유동의 오염은 정규화된 교란을 분석하여 평가하였다. 실험 결과, 이중층 격막이 잔해를 효과적으로 감소시키는 것을 확인하였다. 그 다음, 시험 기체에 구동 기체가 혼합되는 화학적인 오염을 감지하는 기법을 개발하였다. 압력 센서와 압력 감응 도료를 이용하여 시험 기체에 구동 기체가 혼합되는 양을 시간에 따라 측정하는 기법이다. 압력 센서를 통한 압력 측정은 기체의 조성과 상관없이 센서에 가해지는 전체 압력을 측정하고 압력 감응 도료는 산소에 의한 발광 억제 현상을 기반으로 공기의 분압을 측정할 수 있다. 이러한 측정 방식의 차이를 기반으로 달톤의 분압 법칙을 적용하면 시험 유동에서 구동 기체의 혼합 비율을 측정할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 입사 충격파의 속도가 다른 두 시험 조건에 대하여 시험 기체 오염 정도를 측정하고 오염이 발생하지 않는 유효 시험 시간을 평가하였다. 유효 시험 시간과 충격파 터널의 이론적 배기 시간을 기반으로 입사 충격파의 마하수에 따른 유효 시험 시간을 도출하였다. 다음으로 충격파 터널의 유동 오염이 공력 측에 미치는 영향에 대하여 실험적 연구를 수행하였다. 충격파 터널에서 항력과 롤링 모멘트를 측정하기 위하여 가속도계 기반의 밸런스가 설계되었다. 가속도계 기반 밸런스는 축 방향과 회전 반향으로 각각 교정이 수행되었다. 유효 시험 시간동안 측정된 항력과 롤링 모멘트는 전산 유체역학 해석 결과와 오차범위 내에서 일치하는 것을 확인하였다. 격막 파편에 의한 물리적인 오염은 진동과 측정치의 오차를 초래하여 동적 측정 시스템인 가속도계 기반 밸런스를 이용하는 공력 측정에 큰 영향 미쳤다. 하지만 피토 압력이 일정하게 유지되는 동안, 화학적인 오염은 압력에 의해 대부분 결정되는 공력에 크게 영향을 미치지 않았다. 마지막으로, 충격파 터널에서의 유동 오염이 공력 가열량 측정에 미치는 영향에 대한 실험적 연구가 수행되었다. 반구 형상 시험 모델에 대한 정체점 열유량 측정이 수행되었다. 시험 시간이 짧은 충격파 터널서 정체점 열유량 측정을 위하여 빠른 반응속도의 표면 접점 동축형 열전대를 제작하여 사용하였다. 물리적인 오염과 화학적인 오염이 공력 가열량 측정에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위하여 쉐도우 그래프 유동 가시화 기법이 사용되었다. 실험 결과, 격막 파편에 의한 물리적인 오염은 시험 모델 주위의 충격파와 유동의 구조에 영향을 미쳐 공력 가열량 측정에 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다. 구동 기체에 의한 화학적인 오염은 유동의 특성을 변화시켜 충격파 이격거리를 증가시키고 차가운 구동 기체의 혼합으로 열유속이 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서는 충격파 터널에서 발생한는 시험 기체 오염을 크게 물리적인 오염과 화학적인 오염으로 나누고 오염을 감소시키거나 감지할 수 있는 기법을 개발하였다. 또한 시험 유동오염이 공력과 공력 가열에 미치는 영향을 분석하여 향후 극초음속 지상 시험 장비의 활용에 있어서 기초 자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

서지기타정보

서지기타정보
청구기호 {DAE 25010
형태사항 vii, 114 p. : 삽화 ; 30 cm
언어 영어
일반주기 저자명의 한글표기: 장병국
지도교수의 영문표기: Park, Gi Su
지도교수의 한글표기: 박기수
학위논문 학위논문(박사) - 한국과학기술원 : 항공우주공학과,
서지주기 References: p. 108-113
주제 Hypersonic
Shock tunnel
Flow quality
Driver gas contamination
Aerodynamic heating
Aerodynamic force
극초음속
충격파 터널
유동 품질
구동 가스 오염
공력 가열
공력
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Stagnation temperature as function of test time for variety ofhypersonic facilities 17|

Schematic of typical shock tunnel contamination.

Schematic of physical and chemical contamination.

Variation in pressure measurement noise (rms value) as function of secondary diaphragm thickness [16].

Comparison of noise amplitude of pitot pressure with difference diaphragm [17

Schematic of skimmer configuration and ionization region [21

Sample spectra recorded during flow with air test gas. (a) Spectra during test time; (b Spectra later in time showing arrival of driver gas [21].

Schematic of driver gas detector and result 22

Schematics of duct detector. (a) Axisymmetric duct type I; (b) Square duct type II; (c) Modified square duct type III; (d) Two-dimensional duct type IV [24].

Schematic of device for capturing driver gas at end of shock tube [25|

Sleeve mounted at end of HEG shock tube [26]

Schematic of conical ring [27].

Research overview

Flow development inside shock tube. (1) X-t diagram and schematic of shock tube; (b) t=ti:(c)t=tz

Schematic of K1 shock tunnel.

Test condition determination process in shock tunnel

Three different contact surface/reflected shock wave interactions. (a) Tailored condition (b) Over-tailored condition; (c) Under-tailored condition.

Initial conditions.

Flow conditions.

Shock speed measurement in shock tube of condition A. (a) Schematic of shock speed measurement with two pressure transducers; (b) Static pressure measurement at driven tube side wall.

Stagnation pressure and pitot pressure measurement ofcondition A. (a) End wall stagnation pressure and pitot pressure time histories; (b) Pressure ratio.

Mach number measurement of condition A. (a) Flow visualization around hemisphere model; (b) Ratio of shock stand-off distance to hemisphere model radius according to Mach number.

Schematic of three different mount types of pressure transducer. (a) Flush mount; (b Flush mount with 0.01 mm film; (c) Recessed mount.

Schematic of pressure measurement setup.

Schematic of oxygen quenching mechanism of pressure sensitive paint.

Schematic of pressure sensitive paint measurement setup.

Excitation and emission spectra of pressure sensitive paint.

Pressure sensitive paint calibration process.

Pressure sensitive paint calibration setup. (a) Schematic; (b) Photograph

Typical calibrated pressure sensitive paint emission intensity at different pressure levels

Representative pressure sensitive paint calibration result.

K-type coaxial thermocouple. (a) Thermocouple with flat-faced model; (b) Thermocouple with curved faced model; (c) Manufactured thermocouple.

Surface junction coaxial thermocouple (K-type) manufacture process.

Generation of surface junction of coaxial thermocouple. (a) Knife; (b) Sandpaper.

Schematic of coaxial thermocouple measurement setup

Thermocouple calibration process using water plunging method

Schematic of water plunging calibration setup

Thermal product of water.

Representative temperature change of coaxial thermocouple at calibration.

Thermocouple calibration result.

Schematics of flow visualization setups. (a) Shadowgraph flow visualization; (b) Schlieren flow visualization.

Schematic ofimpact of physical particles on test model.

Schematics and photographs ofthird diaphragms. (a) Single-layer diaphragm (polyethylene film); (b) Double-layer diaphragm (polyethylene film with copper tape).

Schematic of flat-faced model for pitot pressure measurement.

Flat-faced model flow visualization.

Representative pitot pressure measurement at flat-faced model

Normalized disturbance of pitot pressure measurements.

Pitot pressure measurement results with two different diaphragi

Schematic of interaction between transmitted shock wave and boundary layer.

Shock tunnel properties changefrom diver gas contamination. (a) Nozzle exit Mach number; (b) Pressure ratio between end wall (stagnation) pressure and pitot pressure; (c) Oblique shock wave angle at 20o deflection angle.

Schematic of driver gas contamination measurement technique.

Driver gas contamination measurement model. (a) Schematic; (b) Photograph

Driver gas contamination measurement process.

Schematic of driver gas contamination measurement setup. (a) Front view; (b) Side view.

Time history of typical intensity ratio of pressure sensitive paint under condition A. (a Pressure sensitive paint images; (b) Intensity ratio over time.

Driver gas contamination measurement using pressure sensitive paint of condition A. (a) Normalized pressure measurement results using pressure transducer and pressure sensitive paint; (b) Driver gas contamination rate.

Driver gas contamination measurement using pressure sensitive paint of condition C. (a) Normalized pressure measurement results using pressure transducer and pressure sensitive paint; (b) Driver gas contamination rate.

Effective test time measurement results. (a) Effective test time as a function of incident shock wave Mach number; (b) Effective test time as a function of total temperature.

End wall and pitot pressure time histories of condition B.

Schematic of accelerometer-based force balance system.

Force balance system calibration process.

Dynamic calibration ofaccelerometer-based force balance. (a) Schematic of axial direction calibration; (b) Applied axial force and measured axial acceleration: (c) Axial direction system response function.

Dynamic calibration of accelerometer-based force balance. (a) Schematic of rotational direction calibration; (b) Applied rolling moment and measured rotational acceleration; (c) Rotational direction system response function.

Recovered rolling moment (black) and axial force (red) from axial and rotational direction calibration processes.

Noise filtering process.

Shock tunnel operating vibration. (a) Schematic ofshock tunnel test section; (b) Vibration signals from test section; (c) Frequency spectrums of vibration signals.

Grid dependency test.

Pressure contour of test model obtained from CFD analysis.

Time history of test model flow field.

Drag measurement using acceleronieter-based force balance. (a) Axial acceleration; (b) Recovered drag.

Rolling moment measurement using accelerometer-based force balance. (a) Rotational acceleration; (b) Recovered rolling moment.

Axial acceleration of physical contamination case. (a) Raw acceleration; (b) Filtered acceleration.

Drag and rolling moment measurement result.

Schematic of shock structure from test model.

Schematics of hemisphere model for stagnation point heat flux measurement.

Hemisphere model flow visualization

Schematic of physical contamination effects on heat fux measurement

Representative stagnation point heat flux measurement at hemisphere model. (a) Stagna- tion temperature difference time history; (b) Stagnation point heat flux time history.

Normalized disturbance of stagnation point heat flux measurements

Stagnation point heat fux measurement results with two different diaphragms.

Shock stand-off distance around hemisphere model according to driver gas contamination rate.

Representative of shock stand-off distance measurement method

Centerline intensity over time for shock stand-off distance measurement

Time history of normalized shock stand-off distance of hemisphere model of condition A

Schematic of flow development at shock tube end wall. (a) Ideal case; (b) Real case.

Shock tube conditions.

Time history of stagnation point heat flx measurement on hemisphere model. (a) Test condition A; (b) Test condition C.